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Yr 3 CNS > Functional Anatomy and Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy and Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What regions can the brain be divided in

A

Brain stem
cerebellum
forebrain
ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (cavities)

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2
Q

Function of brain stem:

A

*relay centre- processing
*Reticular formation- neurones receives sensory info and understands it. Filters unnecessary info.,
consciousness,
and arousal
*balance and posture reflexes
*medulla oblongata- involuntary function- coughing, breathing, digestion
*midbrain- contains substantia nigra (parkinsons)

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3
Q

Function of cerebellum:

A

coordinated voluntary movement.
Integrates info.
Eg position of body, precise movement, procedural memory
balance
Eye movement

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4
Q

Diencephalon structure and function:

A

Thalamus
*relay centre, sensory input, motor control
Hypothalamus
*Homeostatic control centre, regulates autonomic system and endocrine system, sec. of hormones by pituitary, part of limbic system (emotions), sleep and wake cycle role

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5
Q

The limbic system:

A

Basic emotions
Fight or flight, laughing, survival, punishment pathways
Olfaction (smell)
Hippocampus - memory

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6
Q

The cerebrum

A

made of cerebral cortex and basal nuclei (grey matter)

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7
Q

What does the basal nuclei do

A

neuronal cell bodies
*striatum
*globus pallidus
*substantia nigra
*subthalamic nuclei
Control of movement
Inhibition of muscle tone (contraction)
Purposeful vs. unwanted movement
posture and support

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8
Q

Explain structure of cerebral cortex

A

2 hemispheres
shell of grey matter (cell bodies) covered by mass of white matter (myelination of axons)
Highly convoluted
controls opposite side of body

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9
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex

A

analyses inputs from mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors
In parietal lube of cerebral cortex
Each area takes into from receptors from specific part of body
area of cortex proportional to info received
Plasticity with this- use dependency

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10
Q

What is the motor cortex

A

Responsible for voluntary movements
in frontal lobe
contralateral side
Use-dependency for cortical space

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11
Q

Motor control- how

A

motor cortex sends signals to alpha-motor neurones
has input from supplementary motor areas

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12
Q

Cortical areas involved in language

A

Brocas area- articulation of speech (muscles for speaking)
Wernickes area- involves comprehension and planning of language

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13
Q

Glial cells

A

astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

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14
Q

What are astrocytes and their roles

A

star shaped
most abundant cells in CNS- more than neurones
dynamic role- communicate with each other and neurones
structural support- keep neurones in position
BBBarier
Repair (scar tissue)
Maintenance of extracellular environment (NTs and K+)
Modulation of synapse function (formation, maintenance, modification of NT release)

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15
Q

What are microglia and their function

A

Immune cells of CNS
release cytokines and scavenge
Resting or activated
resting- homeostatic
activated- motile and proinflammatory

role in neurodegenerative disease

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16
Q

What are oligodendrocytes and their function

A

Forms myelin sheath around neuronal axons
white matter

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17
Q

What are ependymal cells and their function

A

epithelia cells- lines cavities fluid filled cavities of CNS (ventricles)
Secrete cerebrospinal fluid
Cilliated
Part of BBB

18
Q

GLUTAMATE STUFF

A
19
Q

What is GABA

A

Main inhibitory NT in brain
Regulates neuronal transmission
Usually the neurones are short interneurones

20
Q

How is GABA made and metabolised

A

Formed from glutamate by GAD
Its metabolised by GABA-T(transaminase)
Only neurones that express GAD are GABAenergic

21
Q

How is GABA stored, released and reuptaken

A

synthesised in GABAergic nerves from glutamate
Packaged in vesicles by vesicular transporter
Can be recycled by GABA transporters (GAT) on presynaptic terminal
GABA can also be taken up by astrocytes

22
Q

What drugs affect GABA transport and metabolism

A

Tiagabine- Reuptake inhibitor by targeting GABA transporter
Vigabatrine- Inhibitor by targeting GABA transaminase

23
Q

What types of receptors does GABA act on for its inhibitory effects

A

2 types
GABAa- ionotropic- cys loop family
GABAb- metabotropic- class C GPCRs

24
Q

What is GABAa structure and function

A

Post-synatic
Allow FAST movement
Ligand gated anion selective ion channel- for Cl- ions
Cl- influx causes hyperpolarisation and decreased excitability - therefore neurone is harder to meet action potential

Made of multiple subunits and is pentameric - 2 A, 2 B and 1 Y
4 transmembrane domains
N-termanus extracellular
C termanus extracellular
Loop intracellular between TM3 AND 4
TM2 is the lining of pore

25
Q

How many binding sites are in the GABAa receptor

A

5
receptor site (GABA)
Benzodiazepine
Modulatory site (barbiturate site)
Steroid site
Picrotoxin site (channel blocking)

26
Q

What also binds at the GABAa receptor binding site (GABA site)

A

Muscimol (agonist)
Bicuculline (antagonist- causes convulsions)

27
Q

What drugs selectively enhance the effects of GABA-at benzodiazepine site

A

Benzodiazepines
Agonist effect increased when GABA binds (affinity incr.)
eg diazepam

28
Q

What binds at the barbiturates site

A

Increase ligand binding to benzodiazepine and GABA sites
Channel open time increased
Used in anaesthesia and epilepsy
EG pentobarbitol

29
Q

What binds at the neurosteroid site

A

Modulators that enhance effects of GABA
eg progesterone cortisone and androgens

30
Q

What binds at the channel blocking site

A

In channel pore
Picrotoxin - causes convulsions

31
Q

How do GABAb Receptors work

A

GPCRS
couple thru Gai/o
Inhibits CaV channels and decr. NT release from presynaptic terminals
Opens K+ channels to incr. Hyperpolarisation
dimeric structure

32
Q

What is Baclofen

A

agonist at GABAb

33
Q

What is Glycine

A

Inhibitory NT in CNS
Similar to GABAa receptors- cys loop
Ligand gated Ion channel which is Cl selective

Tetanus prevents glycine release from inhibitory interneurons-> lockjaw

Glycine transporters remove glycine fron extracellular fluid

34
Q

What is 5-HT

A

serotonin
a Monoamine NT

35
Q

How is 5-HT made

A

tryptophan is precursor by tryptophan hydroxylase

36
Q

How is 5-HT metablised

A

Monoamine Oxidase

37
Q

How is 5HT released

A

Loading into synaptic vesicles by VMAT- vesicular Monoamine Transporter
Calcium dependent exocytosis
Reuptake of 5-HT by SERT

38
Q

What type of receptors are 5-HT receptors

A

13 GPCRs and 1 is a ligand gated ion channel
some are Ga1/o (inhibit adenylyl cyclase and decr. CAMP)
some are Gaq/11 (regulate activity of PLC and generation of IP3 and release of intracellular Ca+ - excitatory),
some are GaS to regulate ( stim Adenylyl cyclase and increase CAMP)

39
Q

What serotonin drugs are used for migranes

A

5-HT2 antagonists
prevents contraction of smooth muscle and vasoconstriction

40
Q

what is ondansetron

A

a 5-HT3 antagonist - antiemetic

Yr 3 CNS (9 decks)

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