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Physiology- GI > Functional Anatomy and General Principles > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy and General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract consist of?

A

Alimentary tract and associated glandular organs

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2
Q

What is the overall function of the GI tract?

A

absorb nutrients and water into circulation

excrete waste

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3
Q

What are the 4 major physiological processes?

A 
motility
secretion
digestion
absorption
excretion of waste
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4
Q

What is motility required for?

A

Reduce size of food particles -> increase surface area for chemical digestion by enzymes

Mix food particles with enzymes

Propel food from mouth towards rectum

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5
Q

What causes motility?

A

contraction of layers of smooth muscle cells in GI tract

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6
Q

What happens in secretion in GI system?

A

release of enzymes, biological detergents, mucus, ions, and water in GI lumen to aid in digestion and absorption

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7
Q

What is digestion?

A

process in which ingested macromolecules are converted to smaller, absorb-able molecules (carbs, amino acids, lipids)

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8
Q

What are absorbed through the GI system?

A

nutrients, water, electrolytes

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9
Q

What are the absorbed particles used for?

A

energy source
components of biological structures
metabolic pathways
physiologic activities

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10
Q

What are some products from the liver that the GI system excretes?

A

cholesterol
steroids
drug metabolites

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11
Q

The GI tract is an open/closed environment?

A

Open to external environment

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12
Q

Does the GI system have an immune function?

A

Yes. It is the largest immune organ in the body and has immune cells and other non-specific defense mechanisms

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13
Q

What are the major functional segments of the GI system?

A

Mouth/Pharynx - Esophagus-Stomach-Sm Intestine (DJI)-Lg Intestine- Rectum-Anus

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14
Q

What are the associated glandular organs of the GI system?

A 
Salivary
Pancreas
Liver
Gall Bladder
Endocrine Glands/Cells
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15
Q

What are sphincters?

A

specialized circular muscle structures (smooth or skeletal) that mediate control over the flow of the GI contents between structures

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16
Q

Where is the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

between pharynx and esophagus

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17
Q

Where is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

between esophagus and stomach

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18
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter?

A

between the stomach and duodenum

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19
Q

where is the ileocecal sphincter?

A

between the sm intestine and cecum

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20
Q

Where is the internal and external anal sphincters?

A

anus

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21
Q

What are the 3 features of the splanchnic circulation?

A

large blood flow
large reservoir of blood
diverse organs perfused

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22
Q

What are the blood vessels that supply the GI system?

A

Splanchnic circulation

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23
Q

What are the 3 major arteries supplying the abdominal organs?

A

Celiac Artery: liver, spleen, stomach

Superior Mesenteric Artery: pancreas, small intestine, proximal colon

Inferior Mesenteric Artery: distal colon

24
Q

Where does the venous drainage of the GI tract go to?

A

To the liver via portal vein into the portal circulation

25
Q

Where does the venous blood from the liver go to?

A

Portal Vein - Hepatic Vein - IVC

26
Q

How does the liver act as a defense mechanism for the GI tract?

A

Toxins/viruses/bacteria from GI tract are sent to liver for processing -> thus it is not sent directly into systemic circulation

27
Q

What role does the lymphatic system play in GI functions?

A

transport of lipids and lipid soluble molecules that are too large to enter the capillaries

28
Q

Where do the lymph drain ?

A

Via thoracic duct and then into the systemic circulation

29
Q

What are the layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis External
Serosa

30
Q

What is the mucosal layer made up of?

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae

31
Q

What kind of cells are found in the epithelium of the mucosa? What are their functions?

A

Absorptive Enterocytes: digestion and absorption
Enteroendocrine Cells: release regulatory peptides, amines, and regulate GI function
Gastric Mucosal Cells: produce protons
Mucin-Producing Cells: produce mucin (glycoprotein)

32
Q

What kind of junctions connects the epithelium of the GI tract?

A

tight junctions

33
Q

What type of epithelial cell makes up the esophageal epithelium? What is it used for?

A

Helps transport swallowed food (no absorption)

Squamous Type

34
Q

What type of epithelial cell makes up the intestinal epithelium? What is it used for?

A

Helps with absorption and selective uptake of nutrients, ions, and water
Columnar Type

35
Q

What lines the epithelia on the surface?

A

Villi and Crypts

36
Q

How often is the epithelial linings removed and where?

A

the cells at the tip of the villus are shed approx every 3-5 days

37
Q

What are found in the crypts of the villus?

A

Intestinal stem cells: proliferative cells

38
Q

What are found on the epithelial cells on the surface of a villus?

A

Microvilli/Brush Border: numerous cytoplasmic extensions

39
Q

What purpose do the mucosal folds, villi, and microvilli serve?

A

Increase surface area of small intestine drastically

40
Q

What happens with celiac disease?

A

flattened villi causes a reduced surface area and thus the malabsorption of nutrients -> malnutrition

41
Q

The microvillar membrane has a high/low % of cholesterol and sphingolipids

A

High

42
Q

Describe the mucosal lamina propria

A

Immediately below epithelium
Connective tissue: collagen and elastin
Lots of glands and has lymph vessels, nodes, capillaries, and nerve fibers

43
Q

What is found in the muscularis mucosae?

A

thin layer of smooth muscle cells in a folding configuration due to contractions

44
Q

What’s found in the submucosa?

A

Connective Tissue: collagen and elastin
Glands
Large nerve trunks and large blood and lymph vessels
Submucosal Plexus

45
Q

What is the submucosal plexus?

A

aka Meissner’s Plexus; Part of the enteric nervous system that can work autonomously from the CNS as well as help with integration of motor and secretory activities

46
Q

What makes up the muscularis propria?

A

Inner circular muscle layer
Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus)
Outer Longitudinal Muscle Layer

47
Q

What’s the function of the muscularis propria?

A

To help in mixing and propelling contents of GI tract via contractions of the muscle layers

48
Q

What is the Serosa?

A

Outermost layer of the GI that consists of squamous mesothelial cells

49
Q

What are the functions of the serosa?

A

Lines the surface of the abdominal wall to protect as well as lubricated via viscous secretion to reduce friction between abdominal organs during the contraction/relaxation processses of the GI tract

50
Q

How is GI function regulated?

A

Periods of relative quiescence and increased activity based on food intake/fast
Meal composition

Endocrine/Paracrine/Neural

51
Q

What are the components for endocrine regulation of GI?

A

Sensor Cells
Blood stream circulation
Target Cell

52
Q

What are EECs?

A

Enteroendocrine cells: act as sensor cells of the GI system that respond to a stimuli by secreting a regulatory peptide or hormone into circulation

53
Q

What does it mean to be an open type EEC

A

apex of the cell is in contact with the GI lumen for sensing and the base releases hormone to diffuse into local capillaries

54
Q

What does it mean to be a closed type EEC

A

do not have contact with GI luminal surface

55
Q

What do the target cells need to work with EECs?

A

Specific receptors for the hormone being secreted

Physiology- GI (1 decks)

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