Functional Anatomy Flashcards
Define Posterior
Behind the reference point of the structure
Define Anterior
In front of the reference point of the structure
Define Superior
Above the reference point of the structure
Define Inferior
Below the reference point of the structure
Define Medial
Towards the midline of the structure
Define Lateral
Away from the midline of the structure
Define Proximal
Closer to the attachment
Define Distal
Further away from the attachment point of a limb
Define Superficial
Towards the surface of a structure
Define Deep
Further away from the surface of a structure
What is flexion?
Results in joint angle decreasing
What is extension?
Results in joint angle increasing
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body
What is rotation?
A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis
What is circumduction?
The circular movement of a limb
What is pronation?
Refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing down
What is supination?
Refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing up
What is dorsiflexion?
Movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg so that the toes are closer to the shin
What is plantar flexion?
Movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg so that the toes are further away from the shin
What is the axial skeleton?
- forms the basic structure to support the skeleton
- protects vital organs
eg. skull protects the brain
eg. vertebrae protects the spinal cord
eg. ribs protect the heart, lungs and kidneys
What is the Appendicular skeleton?
- major role is to assist with movement and includes the major limbs
- arms
- legs
- shoulder and pelvic girdle
What does the axial skeleton include?
>Skull >Vertebral column - neck - chest - lower back - sacrum - coccyx >Thorax - ribs - sternum
What does the appendicular skeleton include?
>Shoulder girdle - clavicle - scapula > Arm - Humerus (upper arm) - Radis and Ulna (forearm) >Wrist - carpal bones >Hand - metacarpal bones - phalanges (fingers) >Pelvic girdle - hip bones - sacrum and coccyx >Leg - femur (upper leg) - tibia and fibula (lower leg) >Ankle - tarsal bones >Foot - metatarsals - phalanges
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
- Provides framework for the body and gives it shape
- Attachment points for muscles to help create movement.
- Protects vital organs e.g.;
Skull protects the brain - Responsible for storing essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorous which contribute to the health and maintenance of bone tissue.
- Produces red blood cells in the bone marrow
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue and their relationship to the production of movement?
- fibre types (slow twitch/fast twitch)
- excitability
- contractibility
- extendability
- elasticity
What are slow twitch muscle fibres?
- “red fibres”
- slow contraction speed
- low force contraction for extended periods
- fatigue resistant
- contract repeatedly
- purely aerobic
Eg. marathon runner, endurance cyclist
What are fast twitch muscle fibres (2A)?
- intermediate contraction speed
- moderate contraction force
- generate greater force and more powerful contractions as they are larger in diameter
- fatigue resistant
- partially aerobic and suited to events that require both anaerobic and aerobic requirements
Eg. speed endurance activities (400m, 800m)
What are fast twitch muscle fibres (2B)?
- rapid contraction speed
- high contraction force
- generate greater force and more powerful contraction
- fatigue very quickly
- purely anaerobic and best suite to events which use explosive movements
Eg. 100m, 200m, sprint, field events (throws/jumps), 50m freestyle
What is excitability?
The ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals.
What is contractibility?
The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten
What is extendability?
The capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length
What is elasticity?
The ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched.
What is a gliding joint?
- Bone surfaces are flat and only a small amount of movement is possible in a linear direction
- movement occurs when the surfaces slide across each other
E.g. carpal bones of the wrist, tarsal bones of the ankle
What is a hinge joint?
- Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
- movement is similar to the action of a door opening and closing
- Flexion – extension (bending and straightening motions) are the types of movement
E.g. Knee, elbow, fingers, toes
What is a pivot joint?
- allows one bone, with a ring shaped structure, to pivot around another, creating turning motions without sideways displacement or bending
E.g. In the forearm the radius and ulna twist around each other.
What is a saddle joint?
- two bones that fit together the same way as a rider on a saddle.
- creates bending motions in several directions
E.g. carpal and metacarpal bones of the thumb - allows the thumb to be placed across the palm of the hand
What is a condyloid joint?
- the oval shaped surface of 1 bone fits into the depression of another
- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction
E.g. Joint between the carpals of the wrist and the radius
What is a ball and socket joint?
- The ‘ball’ of one bone fits into the cup or ‘socket’ of another
- Allows for stable movement in several directions including
Flexion – extension
Adduction – abduction
Rotation
E.g. Hip joint, shoulder joint
What is the origin?
The attachment onto the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
- closer to the midline
What is the insertion?
Attached to the bone which moves more when the muscle contracts
- further from the midline
What is the agonist?
The (prime mover) is the muscle responsible for the movement
What is the antagonist?
The muscle which relaxes to allow the movement to occur
What does reciprocal inhibitation mean?
The coordinated relaxing of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint
Give 2 examples of antagonist pairs:
- Bicep curl
- Bicep: agonist>contract
- Triceps: antagonist>relax - Triceps extension
- Triceps: agonist>contract
- Bicep: antagonist>relax
Define the circulatory (cardiovascular) system?
Consists of several structures that work together to transport oxygen and nutrients around the body. It includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood
What are the 5 functions of the circulatory system?
- Circulate blood to the body
- Transport oxygen, water and nutrients to cells in the blood
- Transport carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells
- Maintain body temperature (homeostasis)
- Fight against infection (WBC’s)
Explain the structure and function of the heart?
- Muscular pump which contracts continuously to move blood around the body through the blood vessels
- Protected by the ribs, sternum and vertebral column
- Separated into 2 sides, consisting of 4 chambers
What are the 4 chambers of the heart and what type of blood they recieve?
- Left atrium (receives oxygenated blood)
- Right atrium (receives deoxygenated blood)
- Left ventricle (pumps oxygenated blood)
- Right ventricle (pumps deoxygenated blood)
What is hypothermia?
- If the body becomes too cold blood flow to the skin is restricted.
- Blood vessels will vasoconstrict (contract) to decrease the blood flow to the skin thereby decreasing heat loss.
-The body also responds by initiating small muscular contractions
Eg. ‘shivering’ to increase body temperature.
What is hyperthermia?
- If the body becomes too hot, blood flow is directed to the skin so heat is lost to the by sweating.
- Blood vessels will vasodilate (increase) so there is more blood flow to the skin.
- The body also responds by increasing sweat production to cool the body down via the evaporation on the skin surface.
Explain the route that the blood travels when entering the heart:
> Right Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body (via the Vena Cavae)
Pumps it to the lungs via the Right Ventricle (through the Pulmonary Artery) where it offloads the carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen.
The now oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium (via the Pulmonary Vein)
Pumps it to the rest of the body by the Left Ventricle (via the Aorta)
What is the purpose of valves?
To prevent the backflow of blood
What are arteries?
- carry blood away from the heart
- blood (except the pulmonary artery) is oxygenated
- thick muscular walls, no valves and blood under high BP
What are veins?
- carry blood towards the heart
- blood (except the pulmonary vein) is de-oxygenated
- thin collapsable walls, valves present, blood under low BP
What are capillairies?
- allow the passing (diffusion) of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide
- very thin walls (1-cell thick), branch from arterioles and venules to form a network
What is blood?
Fluid that is transported through the pumping action of the heart via the blood vessels, to every cell of the body
What are red blood cells?
- 45%
- Responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide away from the cells
What are white blood cells?
- less than 1%
- Responsible for moving to sites of infection where they destroy bacteria and other disease causing organisms
What is plasma?
- 55%
- Plasma carries the blood cells and is continually passed through capillary walls and into tissues
- Provides cells with antibodies, proteins, glucose, salts, fats
What are platelets?
- very small %
- Produced in bone marrow and cause the blood to clot when a vessel is damaged, to prevent excess bleeding
What is the 5 functions of the respiratory system?
- Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
- Provide method of gaseous exchange within the lungs
- Create speech as air passes over the vocal cords
- Facilitate sense of smell
- Expel heat and water vapor in the air breathed out
What is the respiratory system comprised of?
Air passages, lungs and the diaphragm
What is the nasal and mouth cavity?
Where the air enters the respiratory system
What is the pharynx?
Where the back of the mouth and nose meet
What is the larynx?
Produces sound when air is passed. Contains vocal cords
What is the trachea?
Assists with air delivery. (windpipe)
What is the bronchi?
2 tubes that provide air to the lungs
What are the bronchioles?
Each bronchus subdivides into smaller branches called bronchioles
What is the alveoli?
- cup shaped sacs at the end of bronchioles
- surrounded by capillaries
- provide a site for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- diffusion moves gas from an area of high to low concentration
What are the lungs?
- Located within the thoracic cavity
- protected by the sternum, ribs and vertebral column
- They contain the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
Explain the pathway of an oxygen molecule?
- Aorta
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- All body tissues- gas exchange occurs
- Veins
- Vena cava
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary artery
- Capillaries
- Lungs- gas exchange occurs
- Pulmonary vein
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
Explain the gas exchange at the alveoli/capillary interface?
- Oxygen moves from the alveoli of the lungs into the capillaries which surround them.
- Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli to be expired.
- Oxygen moves from a high concentration in the alveoli to the capillaries where they are low in concentration
- Carbon dioxide moves from a high concentration in the capillaries to a low concentration in the alveoli
Explain the gas exchange at the capillary/muscle interface?
- Diffusion of gases also occurs at the muscle to allow the transport of Oxygen to muscle tissue and Carbon dioxide (a by-product) to be removed.
- Oxygen is of a high concentration in the capillaries so moves to the muscle tissue where it is of low concentration.
- Carbon dioxide is of high concentration in the muscle tissue so moves to the capillaries where it is of a low concentration.
What is the diaphragm?
- Involuntary or smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to aid breathing at all times
- As the diaphragm moves up and down, the size of the chest cavity changes, causing breathing
What is tidal volume, respiratory rate and ventilation?
Tidal volume- The amount of air breathed in and out in 1 breath
Respiratory rate- The amount of breaths per minute
Ventilation- The amount of air that is inspired and expired during 1 minute
Explain inspiration?
- Volume of lungs increases
- External intercostal muscles contract & internal intercostal muscles relax to lift rib cage up
- the diaphragm contracts to become flatter (this causes a largervolume and thus an area of low pressure)
- Air enters the lungs moving from area of high pressure to low pressure
Explain expiration?
Volume of lungs decreases
External intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract to lower rib cage
- diaphragm relaxes to become dome shaped (this causes a smaller volume and thus an area of high pressure)
Air exits the lungs from an area of high pressure to low.
Explain expiration?
- Volume of lungs decreases
- External intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract to lower rib cage
- the diaphragm relaxes to become dome shaped (this causes a smaller volume and thus an area of high pressure)
- Air exits the lungs from an area of high pressure to low.
What happens to other parts of your body during inspiration?
Intercostals- contract
Diaphragm- contracts
Lung volume- increases
Air pressure in lungs- decreases
What happens to other parts of your body during expiration?
Intercostals- relax
Diaphragm- relaxes
Lung volume- decreases
Air pressure in lungs- increases
Explain the circulation of blood to the body?
- Arteries open up (vasodilate) and constrict (vasoconstrict) to allow more or less blood to reach certain areas of the body.
- Arteries taking blood to working muscles will open up (vasodilate) to allow more blood flow to the muscle whilst arteries taking blood to non active areas of the body contract (vasoconstrict) to reduce blood flow.
- This increases the amount of blood available to the working muscles.
What are fibrous joints?
- no movement
- function is protection
eg. skull
What are cartilaginous joints?
- when the connection between bones are made up of cartilage
- small amount of movement
eg. between spine vertebrae
What are synovial joints?
- allow movement in at least 1 direction
- cavities are filled with synovial fluid which lubricates the bone
eg. knee
What is skeletal muscle?
- Pull on the bones to create movement
- responsible for voluntary movement
What is cardiac muscle?
- the muscle of the heart
- involuntary action
What is smooth muscle?
- move the internal organs of the body
- the action is involuntary
