Functional Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
5 functions of the skeleton
A
Provides framework -gives shape
Attachment points for muscles
Protects vital organs -skull (brain) ribs and spinal column
Stores minerals
Produces red blood cells
2
Q
4 functions of the muscles
A
Create movement
Maintain posture
Maintain bodily functions -blood circulation, digestion, breathing
Generating heat
3
Q
Rotation
A
Moving a bone around its own longitudinal axis. Turning on an axis. Eg. Leg-hip head-neck
4
Q
Supination
A
Moving the bones in the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel (palms up). Forearm facing up
5
Q
Pronation
A
Moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna crossover each other. (Palms down) forearm - face down
6
Q
Eversion
A
Moving the sole of the foot outwards at the ankle joint
7
Q
Inversion
A
Moving the sole of the foot inwards at the ankle joint
8
Q
Plantar flexion
A
Moving the top of the foot away from the tibia by pointing the toes. Movement increases angle between the foot and leg. Toes away from shin. (Planting foot)
9
Q
Dorsi flexion
A
Moving the top of the foot towards the tibia. Movement decreases angle between the foot and leg. Toes to shin.
10
Q
Elevation
A
Raising the shoulder girdle upwards in relation to the head
11
Q
Depression
A
Lowering the shoulder girdle downwards in relation to the head
12
Q
Flexion
A
Results in the joint angle decreasing
13
Q
Extension
A
Results in the joint angle increasing
14
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the midline of the body. Eg. Arms and legs
15
Q
Adduction
A
Movement towards the midline of the body
16
Q
Circumduction
A
Circular movement of a limb. Eg. Leg, arm, wrist
17
Q
Characteristics of muscles
A
Exitability
Extensibility
Contractibility
Elasticity
18
Q
Excitability
A
The ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals
19
Q
Extensibility
A
The capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length
20
Q
Elasticity
A
The ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched
21
Q
Contractability
A
The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten
22
Q
Origin
A
The origin of a muscle is the attachment onto the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
The origin of a muscle is the attachment point at the proximal end (closer to midline of the body)
23
Q
Insertion
A
The insertion is attached to the body which moves more when the muscle contracts
Insertion of a muscle is the attachment point at the distal end (further from the midline of the body)
24
Q
Antagonist
A
The muscle which relaxes to allow the movement to occur
25
Agonist (prime mover)
Is the muscle responsible for the movement -contraction.
26
Able to identify all bones
humerus, radius, ulna, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, pelvis, sternum, ribs, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals, clavicle, scapula, mandible
27
Able to identify all muscles
biceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, trapezius, deltoid, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, adductor group, latissimus dorsi, soleus, abdominal, gluteus maximus, pectorals, hip flexors, intercostals
28
Tendons
-a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone
Eg. Achilles tendon
Serves to move the bone
29
Ligaments
A fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone
Eg. ACL
Serves to hold structures together and keep stable
30
Reciprocal inhibition
The term reciprocal inhibition is used to describe the co-ordinated relaxing of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint
31
Anatomical position
- standing reference position
- standing, both feet, arms by side, head, eyes and palms of hands facing forwards
32
Posterior
Behind the reference point of the structure
33
Anterior
In front of the reference point of the structure
34
Superior
Above the reference point of the structure
35
Inferior
Below the reference point of the structure
36
Medial
Towards the midline of the structure
37
Lateral
Away from the midline of the structure
38
Proximal
Closer to the attachment point of a limb
Eg. Proximal end of humerus
39
Distal
Further away from the attachment point of a limb
Eg. Distal end of humerus
40
Human skeletal divided into two main sections
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
41
Axial skeleton
Basic central structure- support and protects vital organs
Eg. Ribs, skull, sternum, vertebral column
42
Appendicular skeleton
Major role- assist with movement and includes major limbs
Eg. Shoulder girdle, arm, wrist, hand, leg and foot
43
Anterior muscles
Front muscles
44
Posterior muscles
Back muscles
45
How do muscles help us move?
-when a muscle contracts, it pulls on 1 of the 2 bones to which it is attached, creating movement
-all muscles work across a joint and then contraction occurs, movement takes place altering the joint angle
-Once a muscle contracts to move a bone, another muscle must contract to return the bone to its original position, muscles work in pairs to produce movement
46
Structure and function of the circulatory system
( what does it consist of )
What is the circulatory system also known as
- heart
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
- blood
Cardiovascular system
47
Functions of the circulatory system
1. Circulate blood to body
2. Transport oxygen, water and nutrients to cells in the blood
3. Transport carbon dioxide, and wastes away from the cells
4. Maintain body temperature
5. White blood cells fight infection
48
What happens to the circulation of blood to the body during exercise
- During exercise, blood flow redistributes to the working muscles - 80 - 90% of total cardiac output is directed to the working muscles
49
What happens to the arteries to allow more or less blood flow to certain areas of the body
Arteries open up (vasodilate) and constrict (vasoconstrict) to allow more or less blood to certain areas of the body
50
What happens to arteries when taking blood to working muscles
Arteries taking blood to working muscles open up (vasodilate) to allow a greater blood flow to the working muscles whilst arteries taking blood to non active areas of the body will contract (vasoconstrict) to reduce blood flow
- increases the amount of blood available to the working muscles
51
Maintain body temperature
- hypothalamus
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
52
Hypothermia
- is a potentially dangerous drop in temperature, below 35 °C usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures
- Blood vessels will vasoconstrict (contract and reduce in diameter) to decrease the flow of blood to the skin thereby decreasing heat loss.
- The body also responds by initiating small, involuntary body muscular contractions - ‘shivering’ - to increase body temperature.
53
Hyperthermia
- is elevated body temperature above 38°C due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.
- The skin blood vessels will vasodilate (increase in diameter) so there is more blood flow to the skin.
- The body also responds by increasing sweat production to cool the body down via the evaporation of sweat on the skin surface
54
White blood cells
Fight infection
- responsible for moving to isles of infection where the destroy bacteria and other disease causing organisms
55
Structure of the circulatory system
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
56
Heart is a
Muscular pump which contracts continuously to take blood around the body in blood vessels
57
Size of a heart
Fist
58
Heart is protected by
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral column
59
4 chambers of the heart
Left atrium- receive oxygenated blood
Left ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood
Right atrium- receive deoxygenated blood
Right ventricle- pumps deoxygenated blood
60
Parts of the heart
- superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- pulmonary artery
- lungs
- pulmonary vein
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- aorta
- pericardium
61
Valves
Valves are located between the atrium and ventricles which ensure blood flows in only one direction
- atrium- ventricle
62
Systemic circulation
- carries blood from the heart to all parts of the body (except lungs) and back again
- left she of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta
- deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
63
Pulmonary circulation
- carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back again
- right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
- Oxygenated blood return to the heart from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
64
Blood vessels
Responsible for carrying blood from the heart, taking it to different parts of the body and then returning it to the heart
65
Arteries- function
- carry blood away from the heart
- blood is pushed through the arteries caused by contractions of the heart
- blood (with the exception of pulmonary arteries of the heart) is oxygenated
- flow or surge of blood through the arteries with each heart beat can be felt near the surface o fate skin - this is referred to as the PULSE
- carry blood away from the heart at a high pressure
66
Arteries- structure
- thick, muscular walls
- no valve
- blood under high pressure
- oxygenated
- increasing high blood pressure
- thick, strong- muscle, elastic, fibrous
67
Veins - function
- Carry blood towards the heart
- Blood (with the exception of the pulmonary veins) is de-oxygenated
- Valves which allow the return of blood to the heart, but prevent the back flow of blood
- Return blood to heart at low pressure
68
Veins- structure
- thin, collapsible walls
- valves present
- blood under low blood pressure
- thin, mainly fibrous tissue
69
Capillaries- function
- tiny blood vessels which reach every cell of the body
- allowing the passing (diffusion) of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide
- connect arteries and veins
- supply all cells with their requirements
- take away wastes
70
Capillaries - structure
- very thin walls- only 1 cell thick
- branch from the arterioles and venues to form a network
71
Blood
- fluid that is transported through the pumping action of the heart via the blood vessels, to every cell to the body.
- adult human contain between 5-7 L of blood
72
3 functions of the blood
1. Transport of nutrients and waste products
2. Regulation of body temperature
3. Protection of the body
73
Components of blood
Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
74
Plasma
- water, nutrients and blood proteins
- approx. 55% of the total blood volume
- clear yellow fluid, of which 90% is water
- plasma carries the blood cells and is continually passed through capillary walls into tissues
- Provides cells with antibodies proteins, glucose, salts, fats
75
White blood cells
- approx. less than 1% of the total blood volume
- responsible for moving to sites of infection where they destroy bacteria and other disease causing organisms
76
Red blood cells
- approx. 45% of total blood volume
- give blood the red colour
- responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide away from the cells of muscles and organs
77
Platelets
(Make up a very small percentage)
- produced in bone marrow and cause the blood to clot when a vessel is damaged, to prevent excess bleeding
78
Respiratory system- consist of
Lungs, diaphragm, alveoli
- mechanics of breathing
79
5 functions of the respiratory system
1. Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
2. Provide method of gaseous exchange within the lungs. Oxygen enters the blood, carbon dioxide exits
3. Create speech as air passes over the vocal cords
4. Facilitate sense of smell
5. Expel heat and water vapor in the air breathed out
80
Structure of the respiratory system (3)
- air passages
- lungs
- diaphragm
81
Air passages (7)
- nasal cavity and mouth
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
82
Nasal cavity and mouth
Where the air enters the respiratory system
83
Pharynx
Where the back of the mouth and nose meet
84
Larynx
Produces sound when air passes over the larynx
85
Trachea
Assists with air delivery
Also known as wind pipe
86
Bronchi
2 tubes that provide air to the lungs
87
Bronchioles
Each bronchus subdivides into smaller branches called bronchioles
88
Alveoli
- Cup shaped sacs found at the end of bronchioles
- Surrounded by capillaries, they provide the site for continual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- this occurs by the process of diffusion- the movement of gas from an area of high concentration to low concentration
89
The Lungs
- located
- contain
- located within the thoracic cavity and protected by the sternum, ribs and vertebral column
- contain - bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
90
Gas exchange
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur (2)
- Gas exchange occurs at the site of the alveoli
- the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at 2 sites in the body via diffusion
1. - lungs (alveoli and capillary interface)
2. Muscles (capillary an muscle interface)
91
Diffusion
The movement of substances from a high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
92
What happens when we inhale
- when we inhale, oxygen moves through the lungs and into the alveoli where it diffuses into the blood to be transported to the tissues
93
Gas exchange- concentration gradient
Gas exchange takes place due to a concentration difference called a concentration gradient
94
Alveoli - venous blood capillary concentrations
- Alveoli has a high concentration of oxygen
- venous blood capillary has a low concentration of oxygen
This concentration differential between the alveoli and venous capillaries causes oxygen to move from the alveoli into the blood capillary (from an area of high concentration to low concentration)
95
Gas exchange at the alveoli/ capillary interface
- oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer
- Oxygen moves from the alveoli of the lungs into the capillaries which surround them. Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli to be expired.
- Oxygen moves because of high concentration in the alveoli to the capillaries where they are of low concentration.
- Carbon dioxide moves because of a high concentration in the capillaries to a low concentration in the alveoli.
- The concentration gradient is maintained by continuous inspiration of oxygen and expiration of the carbon dioxide as well as continuous flow of blood to and from the blood capillaries
96
Alveoli features that allow efficient gas exchange to occur
- large surface area to volume ratio - so lots of opportunity for gas exchange to occur
- surrounded by capillaries - allow for gas exchange to occur efficiently into the blood
- very thin walls - to promote diffusion of gases - gas exchange at the capillary/ muscle interface
97
Diffusion - muscles
- diffusion of gases also occurs at the muscle to allow transport of oxygen to muscle tissue and carbon dioxide ( a by -product) to be removed
—Oxygen is of high concentration in the capillaries so moves to the muscle tissues where it is of low concentration
—Carbon dioxide is of high concentration in the muscle tissue so moves to the capillaries where it is of low concentration
98
The diaphragm
- involuntary or smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to aid breathing at all times
- as the diaphragm move up and down, the size of the chest cavity changes causing breathing
99
Mechanics of breathing
- 2 movements (inspiration and expiration)
- gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure
100
Inspiration (breathing in)
- volume of lungs increases
- external intercostal muscles contracts and internal intercostal muscles relax to life rib cage up and the diaphragm contracts to become flatter (this causes a larger volume and thus a area of low pressure)
- air enters the lungs moving from an area of high pressure to low pressure
101
Expiration (breathing out)
- volume of lungs decreases
- external intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract to lower rib cage and diaphragm relaxes to become dome shaped (this causes a smaller volume and thus an area of high pressure)
- air exits the lungs from an area of high pressure to low
