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Phys Ed Studies > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of muscle fibres

A

fast twitch (white)
slow twitch (red)

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2
Q

structure of a skeletal muscle

A
  1. skeletal muscle is surrounded by epimysium
  2. bundles of fasicles surrounded by perimysium
  3. fibres arranged into myofibrils
  4. myofibrils contain a chain of sacromeres
  5. sacromeres composed of actin and myosin filaments
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3
Q

what is epimysium

A

connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle

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4
Q

what is perimysium

A

connective tissue which surrounds each fasicle

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5
Q

what is endomysium

A

connective tissue which surrounds each individual muscle fibre

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6
Q

what is a fasicle

A

a bundle of skeletal muscle fibres surrounded by perimysium

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7
Q

what is a myofibril

A

small, thread-like strands that run through each muscle fibre

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8
Q

structure of muscle attachment

A

muscles attach to bones by tendons. tendons are made up of connective tissue and may cross joints to provide additional support. ligaments attach bone to bone and provide strength around the joint.

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9
Q

formation of the neuromusculoskeletal system

A

nerves deliver messages telling muscles to contract, and forces are applied to bones by tendons. when the muscles contracts, it pulls the bones closer to each other.

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10
Q

muscle types

A

skeletal - attached to the bones, striated and are voluntary
smooth - are found internally, and are involuntary
cardiac - are found in the heart, striped and involuntary

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11
Q

fusiform muscles

A

run longitudinally (same direction as tendon) but can shorten over a large range

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12
Q

penniform muscles

A

run at angles to the tendons. muscles with greater pennation are alower than those with less pennation, however, they generate greater force and power because a greater number of sarcomeres contribute to muscle action.

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13
Q

fusiform

A

tapered at each end. e.g., biceps
fusiform generates greater contractile velocities, traded off for lower force outputs.

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14
Q

unipennate

A

muscle fibres only brnach out to one side of the tendon. e.g., calf

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15
Q

bipennate

A

muscle fibres branch out to either side of the central tendons. e.g., quadriceps

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16
Q

multipennate

A

muscle fibres branch out repeatedly from a number of tendons. e.g., deltoids

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17
Q

pennation

A

a muscle with fibres that attach obliquely to the tendon

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17
Q

effect of muscle length and speed

A

fusiform muscles are incapable of generating their same high forces of pennate muscles because of their shorter length and greater cross-sectional area.

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18
Q

how are messages sent

A

messages are sent as electrical impulses via motor neurons; motor neurons stimulate muscle contractions and hence movement.

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19
Q

sensory neurons

A

conduct impulses from the sense receptors to teh brain

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20
Q

motor neurons

A

carry impulses from the brain and central nervous system to muscles and bring about movement.

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21
Q

stimulating the muscle

A
  • motor neuron does not stimulate the whole muscle, but only part of it. one motor neuron may be responsible for stimulating only one or two muscle fibres when precision is required
  • in other parts of the body, it may stimulate muscle fibres where gross motor occurs,
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22
Q

where is actin located

A

the light section - which is known as the i-band

23
Q

myofilaments

A

actin and myosin filaments take up different parts of the length fo the sarcomere.

24
Q

where is myosin located

A

in the middle of the a-bannd where only myosin occurs is known as the h-zone

25
Q

what is the a-band

A

the darkest section, where both actin and myosin overlap.

26
Q

muscular movement step 1

A

upon arrival of the action potential at the axon terminal, voltage-dependent calcium channels open and calcium ions flow from the extracellular fluid into the motor neuron’s cytosol

27
Q

muscular movement step 2

A

an influx of calcium triggers a biochemical cascade that causes neurotransmitter containing vesicles to fuse to the motor neuron’s cell membrane and release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, through exocytosis

27
Q

muscular movement step 3

A

acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the acetylcholine receptors that occur on the motor end plate.

27
Q

muscular movement step 4

A

receptors also double up as ion channels and when bound to acetylcholine, they open, allowing sodium and potassium ions to flow in and out of the muscle’s cytosol.

28
Q

muscular movement step 5

A

because of the electrochemical gradient differences across the membrane, more sodium moves in than potassium moving out, producing a local depolarisation of the motor end plate, known as end-plate-potential (EPP)

29
Q

muscular movement step 6

A

the depolarisation spreads across the surface of the muscle fibre into transverse tubules, causing the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in muscle contraction and movement.

30
Q

muscular movement step 7

A

acetylcholine’s action ends when the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down the neurotransmitter and the used neurotransmitter diffuses away.

31
Q

muscular movement step 8

A

the acetylcholine becomes inactive, and the muscle relaxes.

32
Q

recruitment of fibres

A
  • if an immediate and rapid response is required, then fast twitch fibres (quickest to respond) will be recruited first
  • slow twitch fibres are preferentially recruited if the event is of low intensity
32
Q

recruitment

A

the body recruits fibres according to demand, which is called preferential recruitment.

32
Q

what is the ‘all or nothing’ principle

A

when the electrical impulses reach a certain threshold, all the fibres of that motor unit will contract at the same time and as forcefully as possible. until the threshold is ‘tripped’ none of the fibres will contract.

33
Q

ATP and the ‘all or nothing’ principle

A

once tripped, the ATP stored in the muscle fibre is split, with the resultant energy allowing muscle contraction to occur. the body must supply the muscles with more ATP for it to continue to contract. the greater the frequency of arrival of impulses the greater the force developed at that muscle

34
Q

sliding filament theory

A
  • muscle fibre is stimulated
  • calcium ions are released
  • thin filaments move to the middle of the sarcomere
  • muscle fibre contracts
  • muscle tension increases
35
Q

force-velocity

A
  • muscles can create increased force with a decreased velocity of concentric contraction
  • muscles can resist increased force with an increased velocity of eccentric contraction
36
Q

isotonic force

A
  • results in a change in teh length of a muscle performed against a constant load.
    E.g., performing a triceps extension.
37
Q

eccentric contraction

A

a muscular contraction that results in an increased length of muscle. a muscle lengthens when resisting force of gravity.

37
Q

concentric contraction

A

a muscular contraction that results in a shortening of a muscle’s length. it occurs when a force is applied against the direction of gravity.

38
Q

isokinetic force

A
  • results in a change in the length of a muscle performed against a varying load.
    E.g., walking on a treadmill
39
Q

isometric force

A
  • muscle length does not change
    E.g., wall sit
40
Q

force-length

A
  • length of the muscle affects how well it creates tension.
  • max tension created in muscle fibre at a length slightly greater than resting length. within the human body, force generation will increase when the muscle is slightly pre-stretched
41
Q

force-time

A
  • also referred to as electromechanical delay (EMD)
  • not possible for muscles to produce maximal force instantaneously and there is a time lapse (latent period( before maximum force can be produced.
  • white fibres have lower EMD than red and can produce peak force faster than red fibres
42
Q

contraction time

A

type 1 - slow
type 2a - fast
typre 2b - very fast

43
Q

size of motor neuron

A

type 1 - small
type 2a - large
type 2b - very large

44
Q

glycolytic capacity

A

type 1 - low
type 2a - high
type 2b - high

45
Q

force production

A

type 1 - low
type 2a - high
type 2b - very high

46
Q

activity used for

A

type 1 - aerobic
type 2a - long term anaerobic
type 2b - short term anaerobic

47
Q

capillary density

A

type 1 - high
type 2a - intermediate
type 2b - low

48
Q

oxidative density

A

type 1 - high
type 2a - moderate
type 2b - low

49
Q

resistance to fatigue

A

type 1 - high
type 2a - medium
type 2b - low

50
Q

major fuel source

A

type 1 - triglycerides and glycogen
type 2a - creatine phosphate and glycogen
type 2b - creatine phosphate and glycogen

Phys Ed Studies (5 decks)

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