Functional Anatomy Flashcards
explain key events off the sliding Filament theory
- action potential is met at end of axon triggering release of acetylcholine into synaptic cleft causing muscle too become more positively charged end plate potential
- Once the threshold is Matt the muscle contracts and Depolarises causing a release of calcium
- Neuromuscular stimulation causes calcium to be released into sarcomere
- Calcium prompts reaction between actin and Myosin filaments by binding to acting as long as there is a sufficient amount of adenosine triphosphate present
- Acton is pulled along the myosin via cross bridges this is known as a power stroke
- Once totally contracted actin filaments overlap and the H zones signs will disappear
- When stimulation Caesars cross bridges release aceteylcholine is removed and the muscle slides back to resting length
list the order in the structures of skeletal muscle
epimysium (outer layer of the muscle) muscle belly made up so many fascicles the fascicle is covered in perimysium a fascicle is made off muscle fibre which will then split too microfibrils which will then split into microfilaments a microfilament will then be made of the proteins myosin and actin
explain the relationship between concentric and eccentric moment
concentric: the angle will decrease during the moment
eccentric: when the angle will increase during the exercise
explain the relationship between force and velocity
- muscle can create a large force when there is a decrease in velocity during concentric contraction ( when the decreases during the movement )
explain the relationship between force and length
MAX muscle tension is is obtained when a muscle is at its normal resting tension as this is when there is an increase off cross bridges that are attached too the myosin and actin
muscle generates less force when the muscle is contracted or lengthened between its optimal length
the greater number off cross bridges the grater force generated
What are the three purposes of the nervous system
1: to receive Messages from receptors which detect changes in the body and the external environment
2: to process information
3: to use the effectors to carry out the bodies response
Explain the four structural classifications of neurons
Bipolar has two extensions one axon and one dendrite
Multipolar has one axon and many dendrites
Unipolar only one single extension leading away from the cell body
Axonic sonic has many dendrites button no axon
Outlined explain what the two functional classifications off neurons
Sensory or afferent these neurons send a messages from receptors towards the central nervous system
Efector or motor neurons send a messages from central nervous system to muscles or glands
Explain the difference between an effector and a receptor
Effector response to nerve impulse and Can be a muscle or gland it contracts or secretes when it receives information
Receptor and organ with the nerve endings which response to stimuli
Outline the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consist of nerves and Gangai and is split into the sensory and the motor division
Explain what a motor unit is
Motor neuron and all of the fibres it attaches to
What is an inter-neuron
Send messages between sensory and motor neurons their store and retrieve information and decide how we respond to stimuli
isometric training involves……
Developing tension in muscles without creating movement
dentify 5 distinct phases to assist you in describing the ‘Sliding filament theory’
- A nerve impulse from the CNS travels to the MOTOR NEURON
- CALCIUM CHANNELS are flooded at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
- ACETYCHOLINE is released into the neuromuscular junction.
- SODIUM increases and POTASSIUM decreases at the muscle fibre membrane.
- CALCIUM is then released unblocking the binding sites.
- MYOSIN HEADS bind to the ‘binding sites’ = ‘POWER STROKE’
- The muscle fibre contracts as the filaments slide over each other.
- ATP is released and the myofilaments relax.
- Calcium causes the MYOSIN heads to bind to the ACTIN.
With respect to neural impulses, identify 3 ways in which maximum force can be generated?
FREQUENCY, AMOUNT, COORDINATION of nerve impulse. EXCITABILITY of muscle fibre
Use an example to explain the relationship between force and velocity?
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL, HIGH VELOCITY = LOW FORCE
LIFTING A WEIGHT QUICKLY
Identify at least one characteristic of the relationship between force and muscle length?
RESTING LENGTH = MAXIMUN FORCE/STRENGTH
SARCOMERES ARE AT THEIR MAXINAL POSITION – i.e. Not too overlapped nor not overlapped enough
Define the ‘all or none’ principle and describe how the basketball player is able to control the forcefulness of her skeletal muscle contractions to perform a fast, penetrating pass.
Provides a definition of the all or none principle such as:
When motor unit receives stimulation/impulses/action potential to threshold.
and
All the muscle fibres associated with a motor unit will contract to their maximum level (all the same time).
Describes:
The number of motor units/muscle fibres recruited is related to the amount of speed/force produced.
And
Answers a correct reference to passing the ball with increased speed/force.
Identify the five main structures in a motor unit and explain their respective functions?
DENDRITE – picks up messages from the body / other nuerons
CELL BODY – control the neuron
AXON – conduit for the message sent
MYELIN SHEATH – speeds up and insulates the axon
MOTOR END PLATES – passes message on to muscle fibre for contraction
list six characteristics of Type IIB.
Larger diameter/bigger fibre Larger motor neuron Low capillary density/oxidative density Greater force can be generated Fast contraction speed Low number of mitochondria Low resistance to fatigue/fatigues quickly Uses the anaerobic energy system White in colour/low myoglobin content Fast glycolytic (anaerobic glycolysis)/ATP-PC Energy system •Fuel source is phosphocreatine
Identify the components of the neuromuscular system and their function in enabling athletes to produce a fast start.
Sensory neuron
Ears receive sound and pass information from the sensory receptors to the cell body of the sensory neuron/brain.
Brain
Interprets/decides on the information and sends signals/impulse/action potential for movement to occur
Motor neuron
Transmit electrical information/signals away from cell body to the muscle fibres.
Spinal cord
Transmits electrical messages from the brain to parts of the body.
Motor unit
The motor neuron receives signal to cause contraction (innervation/stimulation) of the associated muscle fibres.
explain what a neuromuscular suction is
The nerve fibre meets the target muscle fibre the nerve fibre and the target do not touch this gap is known as the synaptic cleft the Shawn cell will surround the whole neuromuscular junction to separate it from the fluid around it
list at least 5 functions for each muscle type
Type one Contraction speed: slow Force of contraction: low Resistance to fatigue: high Aerobic capacity : very high energy pathway used: Aerobic recruitment order: first fatigue level: low activity suited: endurance anaerobic capacity: low
type II A Contraction speed: Medium force of contraction: Medium resistance to fatigue: Medium aerobic capacity: Medium energy pathway used: aerobic and anaerobic recruitment order: second fatigue level: medium activity suited: sprinting anaerobic capacity: high
type II B Contraction speed: high force of contraction: high resistance to fatigue: low aerobic capacity: low energy pathway used: anaerobic recruitment order: third fatigue level: high activity suited:high intensity/ rapid anaerobic capacity: high
Explain the structure of each muscle type
type 1 Fibre diameter: small Myoglobin content: high Phospho creatin content: low Ability to generate ATP: high motor neuron size: small Triglyceride store: high Mitochondrial density: high
type II A
Fibre diameter: medium Myoglobin content: medium Phospho creatin content: high Ability to generate ATP: medium motor neuron size: large Triglyceride store: medium Mitochondrial density: high
type II B Fibre diameter: large Myoglobin content: low Phospho creatin content: high Ability to generate ATP: low motor neuron size: large Triglyceride store:low Mitochondrial density; low
