functional anatomy

Question 1

skeleton functions

Answer 1

1. Provides framework for the body and gives it shape
2. Irregularities on bone surfaces provide attachment points for muscles. When a muscle contracts, the bone it inserts into moves, acting as a lever to help create movement.
3. Protects vital organs e.g.;
   – Skull protects the brain
   – Ribs protect the heart, lungs and kidneys
   – Spinal column protects the spinal cord
4. Responsible for storing essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorous which contribute to the health and maintenance of bone tissue.
5. Produces red blood cells (RBC’s) in the bone marrow, particularly during high growth years such as childhood and adolescence.
6. Assist in hearing (3 small bones located in the middle ear)

Question 2

muscle functions

Answer 2

• produce movement
• maintain posture
• maintain bodily functions
• stabilising joints

Question 3

excitability

Answer 3

the ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals

Question 4

contractibility

Answer 4

the ability of a muscle to contract or shorten

Question 5

extendibility

Answer 5

the capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length

Question 6

elasticity

Answer 6

the ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched

Question 7

antagonistic pairs

Answer 7

The prime mover involved in any movement is referred to as the AGONIST
The muscle which relaxes to allow the movement to occur passively is referred to as the ANTAGONIST

Question 8

origin

Answer 8

The bone that the origin of the muscle is attached to, does not move when the muscle contracts. The origin of a muscle is the point which is usually at the proximal end.

Question 9

insertion

Answer 9

The bone that the insertion is attached to moves more when the muscle contracts. The insertion of a muscle is the point which is usually at the distal end

Question 10

flexion

Answer 10

results in joint angle decreasing

Question 11

extension

Answer 11

results in joint angle increasing

Question 12

circumduction

Answer 12

the circular movement of a limb

Question 13

supination

Answer 13

In the forearm, refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing up. In the foot refers to the outward roll of the foot during normal motion

Question 14

pronation

Answer 14

In the forearm, refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing down. In the foot refers to the inward roll of the foot during normal motion

Question 15

rotation

Answer 15

a motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. e.g. the leg rotates on the hip, the head rotates on the neck

Question 16

dorsi flexion

Answer 16

The movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin.

Question 17

plantar flexion

Answer 17

The movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg, so that the toes are taken further away from the shin.

Question 18

abduction

Answer 18

away from the midline

Question 19

adduction

Answer 19

toward the midline

Question 20

functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 20

1. Circulate blood to the body
2. Transport o2, water, and nutrients to cells in the blood
3. Transport co2 and wastes away from the cells
4. Maintain body temperature
5. White blood cells fight infection

Question 21

arteries

Answer 21

• Carry blood away from the heart
• Blood flow is created by the beating of the heart
• Thick elastic walls to permit continuous flow
• Main arteries branch into arterioles which in turn branch into microscopic capillaries

Question 22

veins

Answer 22

• carry blood towards the heart
• blood flow is created by the contraction of muscles
• contain valves

Question 23

capillaries

Answer 23

• carry blood to every cell in the body
• have thin one cell thick walls which allow oxygen and nutrients to pass into the cell and carbon dioxide and wastes to pass out

Question 24

inspiration

Answer 24

The pressure in the chest decreases
Drawing air INTO of the lungs (volume of lungs increases)
External intercostals muscles CONTRACT
Internal intercostals muscles RELAX to lower rib cage
Diaphragm CONTRACTS (moves down) to become flat
Air enters the lungs from an area of high pressure to low.

Question 25

expiration

Answer 25

The pressure in the chest increases
Pushing air OUT of the lungs (volume of lungs decreases)
External intercostals muscles RELAX
Internal intercostals muscles CONTRACT to lower rib cage
Diaphragm RELAXES (moves up) to become dome-shaped
Air exits the lungs from an area of high pressure to low.

Question 26

gas exchange

Answer 26

Deoxygenated blood (rich in CO2) from the body cells arrives at the alveoli. Diffusion occurs cause of the difference in concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide.CO2 diffuses into the alveoli from the blood plasma. Blood has a high concentration of CO2 and the alveoli has a low concentration. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and is picked up by red blood cells. Blood has a low concentration of O2and the alveoli has a high concentration of oxygen. Oxygenated blood leaves the alveoli carrying O2 to all the cells of the body.