functional anatomy Flashcards
skeleton functions
- Provides framework for the body and gives it shape
- Irregularities on bone surfaces provide attachment points for muscles. When a muscle contracts, the bone it inserts into moves, acting as a lever to help create movement.
- Protects vital organs e.g.;
– Skull protects the brain
– Ribs protect the heart, lungs and kidneys
– Spinal column protects the spinal cord - Responsible for storing essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorous which contribute to the health and maintenance of bone tissue.
- Produces red blood cells (RBC’s) in the bone marrow, particularly during high growth years such as childhood and adolescence.
- Assist in hearing (3 small bones located in the middle ear)
muscle functions
- produce movement
- maintain posture
- maintain bodily functions
- stabilising joints
excitability
the ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals
contractibility
the ability of a muscle to contract or shorten
extendibility
the capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length
elasticity
the ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched
antagonistic pairs
The prime mover involved in any movement is referred to as the AGONIST
The muscle which relaxes to allow the movement to occur passively is referred to as the ANTAGONIST
origin
The bone that the origin of the muscle is attached to, does not move when the muscle contracts. The origin of a muscle is the point which is usually at the proximal end.
insertion
The bone that the insertion is attached to moves more when the muscle contracts. The insertion of a muscle is the point which is usually at the distal end
flexion
results in joint angle decreasing
extension
results in joint angle increasing
circumduction
the circular movement of a limb
supination
In the forearm, refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing up. In the foot refers to the outward roll of the foot during normal motion
pronation
In the forearm, refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing down. In the foot refers to the inward roll of the foot during normal motion
rotation
a motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. e.g. the leg rotates on the hip, the head rotates on the neck
dorsi flexion
The movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin.
plantar flexion
The movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg, so that the toes are taken further away from the shin.
abduction
away from the midline
adduction
toward the midline
functions of the cardiovascular system
- Circulate blood to the body
- Transport o2, water, and nutrients to cells in the blood
- Transport co2 and wastes away from the cells
- Maintain body temperature
- White blood cells fight infection
arteries
- Carry blood away from the heart
- Blood flow is created by the beating of the heart
- Thick elastic walls to permit continuous flow
- Main arteries branch into arterioles which in turn branch into microscopic capillaries
veins
- carry blood towards the heart
- blood flow is created by the contraction of muscles
- contain valves
capillaries
- carry blood to every cell in the body
- have thin one cell thick walls which allow oxygen and nutrients to pass into the cell and carbon dioxide and wastes to pass out
inspiration
The pressure in the chest decreases
Drawing air INTO of the lungs (volume of lungs increases)
External intercostals muscles CONTRACT
Internal intercostals muscles RELAX to lower rib cage
Diaphragm CONTRACTS (moves down) to become flat
Air enters the lungs from an area of high pressure to low.
