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Urinary System > Function Of The Kidneys > Flashcards

Function Of The Kidneys Flashcards

Filter Excrete Maintain blood volume

1
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A

Filter:filters blood (liquid part , Plasma)
Excretion: getting rid of things that kidney filters
Maintain blood volume: maintain normal Plasma volume for B/P

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2
Q

Renal capsule

A

Surrounds kidneys directly

Some form of connective tissue, adipose tissue

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3
Q

adipose capsule

A

Superficial

  • Layer of fat that surrounds the kidneys
  • protects kidneys
  • helps hold kidneys in place
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4
Q

Medulla ( pyramid)

A

Intersection ( inner region )

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5
Q

How many lobes per kidney

A

7 , 10-12 lobes per kidney

Referred to as renal column

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6
Q

Structure that makes urine

A

Kidneys

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7
Q

Drains the kidneys

A

Ureters

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8
Q

Storage unit for urine

A

Bladder

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9
Q

Structure of the how we empty the bladder w/urine leaving body

A

Urethra

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10
Q

Cystitis

A

Infection in bladder

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11
Q

Pyelitis

A

Infection ureter

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12
Q

Peeing is classified as which system

A

Peeing is pns

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13
Q

Urine formation is classified as what system

A

Urine formation is sns

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14
Q

Nephron

A

Working/ important part of the kidney
Million nephrons per kidney
Make up a lot of functions in kidneys

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15
Q

Two types of nephrons

A
  1. Cortical: 80-85% this type

2. Juxtaglomerular: remaining is 15-20%

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16
Q

Renal ptosis

A

Kidneys decrease in space/ decreased in position , drooping “dropped down”

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17
Q

Renal ptosis can cause

A

A kinked ureter

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18
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Water on kidneys
** if kidneys can’t drain urine , will begin to compress the structures inside kidneys & you will do damage to the kidneys

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19
Q

Glomerular capsule has to regions to it

A
  1. Partial layer : simple squamous
  2. podocytes: visceral

** will help form a membrane

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20
Q

Renal sinus

A

Contain blood vessels, renal sinus , includes other structure

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21
Q

Plasma will do 1 of 2 things

A
  1. take things from there and put it back in the blood

2. Or it’s going to leave it in there ( if it’s left in the tube , it will be removed as urine )

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22
Q

Point of renal system

A

Introduce blood into kidneys

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23
Q

Which renal artery is longer

A

Right renal artery will be longer because of the proximity to the aorta

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24
Q

Which renal vein is shorter

A

Right renal vein is shorter because it is closer to the aorta

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25
Q

Which renal vein is longer

A

Left renal vein will be longer bwcauee its further away from the aorta

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26
Q

How many liters of blood go into the kidneys

A
  1. 5 liters go into the kidneys
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27
Q

Calyces (2 types)

A
  1. minor
  2. major
    * * drains to pelvis almost like a blood flow
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28
Q

Glomerular capsule (bowman’s)

A

“baseball mit”

surrounds glomerulus

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29
Q

renal tubular system

A
  • brings blood into kidneys
  • introducing blood/ plasma part of blood to renal tubular system
  • will change its environment, so that we can make the appropriate concentration volume of urine
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30
Q

Glomerulus ( blood flow in & out of)

A

capillary

interweaving capillary system

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31
Q

Renal pyramid

A

striated due to the conducting ducts

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32
Q

Juxtamedullary glomerular complex ( apparatus )

A

(JGA / JGC )

plays a role in in regulating B/P & amount of fluid that leaves

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33
Q

mascula densa

A

referred to as osmo receptors

- role is to tell how many components ( how many things are dissolved in fluid

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34
Q

Extraglomular mesangial cells

A

“extra”

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35
Q

Granular cells ( juxtaglomerular cells)

A

line the wall

-specialized smooth muscle cell

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36
Q

renin

A
  • comes from granular cells

-

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37
Q

Afferent arterial

A

brings things in

- blood or vessels that bring blood into glomerulus

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38
Q

efferent arterial

A

takes things out

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39
Q

filtration slits

A

spaces that allows things to pass through it ( not everything is absorbed )

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40
Q

Collecting ducts

A

-will drain more than one nephron

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41
Q

Cortical nephron

A

surrounded by peritubular

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42
Q

juxtamedullary

A

has a peritubular , but it is not referred as peritubular, but instead vasa recta
-Vasa recta surrounds it

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43
Q

Juxtaglomerular is made up of (3)

A
  1. mascula densa
  2. extraglomerular (mesangial cells)
  3. granular cells
    * **play a big role in regulating B/P & fluid that leaves
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44
Q

Filtration membrane

A

share a basement membrane

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45
Q

Glomerular mesangial cells have two functions

A
  1. ability to contract
    - can decrease the the size of glomerulus ( if you decrease the size, not much blood is filtered) or not much blood comes in. if it cant filter enough blood, not much fluid will be leaving blood or going into tubular system
  2. acts as a macrophage (cells are able to undergo phagocytosis when pathogens are in the area
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46
Q

peritubular

A

surrounds tubular system

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47
Q

3 factors that will influence glomerular filtration

A
  1. net filtration pressure ( most)
  2. total surface area ( less important)
  3. filtration membrane permeability
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48
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

how things move out of capillary

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49
Q

4 net filtration pressures

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure is fluid pressure, a pushing pressure
  2. hydrostatic pressure
  3. onconic pressure
  4. no forth pressure
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50
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

is where fluids , particles & tubular system move back into the blood , to the peritubular capillary

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51
Q

Tubular secretion

A

fluid & particles moving from the peritubular capillaries back into the tubular system

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52
Q

osmolality

A

solutes / 1 liter fluids (solvent)

stuff in fluid

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53
Q

Renin

A

causes B/P to increase

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54
Q

renin is released when:

A
  1. decrease in stretch in JG cells
  2. detect decrease in sodium chloride in mascula densa
  3. beta 1 receptors
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55
Q

Renin activates

A

Angiotensinogen

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56
Q

angiotensinogen activates

A

angiotensin 1 , which causes the formation of angiotensin 2

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57
Q

Angiotensin will encounter

A

ACE

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58
Q

Angiotensin 2

A
  1. very potent
  2. increases sodium reabsorption
  3. increases ADH
  4. increases thirst
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59
Q

blood pressure equals

A

C.O. X resistance

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60
Q

Cardiac output equals

A

Heart rate x Stroke Volume

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61
Q

Blood Pressure equals

A

Heart rate x stroke volume x resistance

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62
Q

Map equals

A

systolic + diastolic + diastolic/ 3

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63
Q

Nervous system when activated causes ?

A

vasoconstriction

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64
Q

Collecting duct cells

A
  1. principal cells - utilize movement of sodium

2. intercalated cells - type A help w/ acid, typle B help w/ base

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65
Q

Apical microvilli

A

increase absorption

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66
Q

Distal convoluted Tubule cells

A
  1. Ascending - simple cuboidal (does not have microvilli)
  2. descending - simple squamous

( fluid inside is further away than proximal convoluted tubule )

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67
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

ability of leaving , as long as its not cells or proteins “ stuff moving from here to there”

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68
Q

passive

A

does not take any energy , just move move down

nonselective

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69
Q

low b/p =

A

does not profuse kidneys

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70
Q

liver damage =

A

decease in amount of proteins in the blood

pressure would be lower

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71
Q

tissue or membrane damage , w/ disease process =

A

more things would go out

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72
Q

NFP(Net Filtration Pressure)

A

has hydrostatic pressure pushing out, on-conic pressure pulling in, hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capsule pulling in

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73
Q

nephron loop

A
  1. descending limb

2. ascending limb

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74
Q

together glomerular capsule & glomerulus are referred as

A

renal corpuscle

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75
Q

3 things that regulate renin release

A
  1. Decrease in stretch of jg cells triggers renin release.
  2. macula densa cells that detect a decrease in osmolarity ( decrease in sodium chloride concentration or decrease in osmolarity)
  3. Direct stimulation of a beta 1 receptor
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76
Q

Why is renin released?

A

Because we want blood pressure to go up

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77
Q

Mascula densa cells are

A

Are osmo receptors, job is to detect concentrations

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78
Q

3 stages in urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular formation
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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79
Q

2 things in a healthy person that don’t undergo glomerular filtration.

A
  1. Cells

2. Proteins

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80
Q

Glucose

A

Has the ability of increasing concentration in our body, thereby increasing concentration in filtering

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81
Q

Aquaporins

A
  • are special channels, water pores or water channels that allow for water reabsorption, use diuretic hormone
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82
Q

Transport maximum

A

All of our carrying molecules are saturated, and don’t have any other left. We’ve reached transport maximum

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83
Q

What does angiotension 2 do?

A
  1. Very potent ( vasoconstriction)
  2. Increases sodium reabsorption ( direct & indirect)
  3. Increases ADH
  4. Increases thirst
    (all increase in blood pressure)
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84
Q

Renal threshold

A

Glucose we’ve reached transport maximum, is no longer being carried into cell

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85
Q

3 ways to increase osmolarity

A
  1. can increase number in solutes, # stuff, particles / amount of fluid
  2. can decrease amount of fluid
    #solutes/ decrease amount of fluids
  3. or both
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86
Q

3 ways to decrease osmolarity

A
  1. decrease in solutes/ amount of fluids
  2. # of solutes/ decrease of fluids
  3. or both
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87
Q

intrinsic mechanism utilizes what…

A

osmolarity

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88
Q

solvent is…

A

always the thing that solutes are dissolved in or held

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89
Q

solvent equals

A

water

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90
Q

osmolarity is thought out as

A

stuff in fluid

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91
Q

1 liter of h20

A

1 kg

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92
Q

fluid is called

A

solvent

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93
Q

increase in GFR

A

Increases velocity , decreases amount of tubular reabsorption, increases in osmolarity, increases vasoconstriction (ATP), vasoconstriction @ afferent arterial , decrease in blood flow, decreases GFR

( when GFR went up, the response is going to be opposite)

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94
Q

Decrease in GFR

A

decreases Velocity , increases tubular reabsorption , decrease in osmolarity , decreases in release of vasoconstriction, decrease in relaxation on AA ( afferent arterial) , increases GFR

(increasing GFR- decrease - to increase GFR: leads to homeostatic response of increasing GFR)

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95
Q

when renin is release it encounters a protein

A

angiotensinogen and angiotension 1

they are both inactive

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96
Q

renin is released from

A

juxtaglomerular cells / granular cells ( they line the arterial wall)

97
Q

GFR stays constantly between

A

80-180

98
Q

autoregulation

A

as long as the Map stays between 80-180 everything tends to be fine

99
Q

surface area

A

amount of filtrate formed

100
Q

propella

A

means nipple

101
Q

diuretics

A

makes people pee

102
Q

Sole purpose of juxatamedullary

A

Is to increase osmolarity

103
Q

Reason we have the counter current mechanism

A

Is to set up the increasing of osmolarity ( for hot days)

So that our blood pressure doesn’t drop from the hot days

104
Q

Descending limb is only permeable to?

A

Water

105
Q

The ascending limb loop is only permeable to

A

Solutes

106
Q

Things in urine

A

Ions, sodium chloride , calcium ,magnesium (sometimes proteins)

107
Q

Urine can range in a variety of colors

A
  • drinking appropriate amount of fluid
  • things you ingest
  • drugs
  • diseases( meningococcal disease , antibiotics for it is called Rifampin)
108
Q

PH of urine should be

A

Around 6

109
Q

If pH of urine goes down below 4.5

A

a lot of the mechanisms will stop

110
Q

Mucosal is a storage unit for

A

Urine

- will be transitional epithlieum ( type of tissue where we store urine)

111
Q

Ureter has what type of tissue

A

Has transitional epithlieum

- transitional tissue is the type of epithelial tissue that changes with the presence of urine

112
Q

Bladders sole purpose Is

A

To store urine. Can hold up to 1 liter

113
Q

The vagina and urethra are examples of

A

Mucous membrane( have a connection with the outside) structure equals function

114
Q

For females the function of the urethra is

A

Simply a pathway of urine ( way urine leaves body )

115
Q

For males the function of the urethra is (2)

A
  1. Allows for urine to exit

2. Pathway for ejaculation(during Orgasm , during climax)

116
Q

Structure of the urethra is different in a female and male

A

The size is the difference
Female urethra is an inch to an inch and half
Male urethra is anywhere from 5-6 inches long

117
Q

Acid

A

Things that donate their ions

118
Q

Base

A

Something that will donate a hydroxide or bond to a hydrogen ion

119
Q

Strong acid is classified

A

As an acid that can donate its ion

120
Q

Our bodies primary goal is to keep pH between

A

7.35-7.45

121
Q

To few and to many proteins

A

They begin to denature

122
Q

Way body handles pH change

A
  1. Buffers ( chemical buffer system) quickest ( located in extracellular system
    2.
123
Q

Where do we have bicarbonate buffer system?

A

In extracellular fluid

124
Q

Where do we have phosphate buffer?

A

Inside cell and urine

125
Q

How do the bicarbonate and phosphate system work

A

They work the same

Take strong acid and combine it with a weak base

126
Q

Base ( how it works )

A

Take a strong base and combine it with a weak acid

127
Q

Acid ( how it works )

A

Take a strong acid and combine it with a weak base

128
Q

Protein buffer system

A

Is the largest because of how many proteins we have

Its our amphotheater system

129
Q

How do you change a pH

A

Intubating

130
Q

Renal regulation

A

Is the longest to take place

Anywhere from hours to days to start trying to fix the problem

131
Q

Renal regulation

A

Is the longest to take place

Anywhere from hours to days to start trying to fix the problem

132
Q

As bicarb goes up

A

pH goes up

133
Q

higher risk of pathogen in a female urethra

A
  1. due to sexual intercourse ( due a lot of pathogens being introduced )
  2. has to with length (longer the urethra easier it is to wipe away bacteria, doesnt cause colonization and gives the immune system a chance to respond. ) shorter urethra = easier chance for bacteria to colonize and immune system doesnt respond fast enough
134
Q

the process of voiding is called

A

urinating , voiding , diuresis , micturition

135
Q

voiding will have two processes

A
  1. involuntary

2. voluntary (normally if over the age of 2-3 , intact spinal cord )

136
Q

when you cant control urinating it is called

A

incontinence

137
Q

somatic motor represents

A

skeletal muscle (which is voluntary)

138
Q

if you decrease activity (which is under voluntary control to the skeletal muscle )

A

leads to external sphincter opening up

139
Q

internal urethral sphincter is

A

under involuntary control

140
Q

male urethra is divided into 3 parts

A
  1. intermediate part( goes thru pelvis floor)
    2.prostate
    3.
141
Q

water content (high to low)

A
  1. babies have the highest amount of water
  2. adults
  3. elderly has the least amount of water
142
Q

where the fluid is in the body

A
  1. inside the cell 1/3

2. outside the cell (interstitial 2/3 or vascular space 1/3 )

143
Q

solutes are broken down into

A

electrolytes-have ability of conducting electrical impulse or non-electrolytes:
-play a active role in osmotic activity

144
Q

an area of low water content has

A

higher osmotic activity ( more solutes)

145
Q

osmotic activity

A

has to do with the ability of drawing water towards a certain substance

146
Q

impermeable membrane is

A

nothing will change regardless. water cant leave, nothing can come in

147
Q

permeable membrane is

A

mishmash together (like soup)

148
Q

semi permeable membrane is

A

can regulate things ( if you can keep solutes in a certain area, means water has ability of moving)
it will move not to where water concentration is equal but until water osmotic activity is equal in both areas

149
Q

proteins have a

A

sucking pressure

150
Q

water

A

hydrostatic

151
Q

solutes

A

sucking pressures

152
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

on-conic pressure

153
Q

tenecity

A

a solution and how it will effect the volume of a cell

154
Q

hypertonic

A

cell gets bigger

155
Q

isotonic

A

stays the same ( equal amount of fluid)

156
Q

water comes in

A

intake

can be from fluids, ingesting fluids, what we eat , water of oxidation

157
Q

bicarbonate is located in

A

extracellular fluid

158
Q

two mechanism for bicarbonate

A
  1. hydrogen will bring pH up when we get rid of of it

2. pressure of bicarbonate will bring pH up

159
Q

acids & bases are classified based on

A

strength

(their strength is based on how well they are able to do

160
Q

strong acid

A

a strong acid has the ability of donating its hydrogen

161
Q

acidosis

A

pH is <7.35 ( renal regulation takes over , buffer system is overwhelmed / continuing to work but not handling problem, respiratory system isnt handling problem either

162
Q

CO2

A
  • bicarbonate uses it to depend on environment

- can diffuse into the cell

163
Q

renal regulation

A
  • can take hrs or days
  • utilizes kidneys
  • tries to fix the problem
164
Q

HC3/C02

A

Keep ratio constant & pH should be fine

165
Q

two types of output

A
  1. obligatory:whenever aquaporins are present , water undergo tubular reabsorption
  2. facultative: was the hormone driven process with antidiuretic hormone ( vasopresence )
166
Q

concentrated urine has

A

a small amount of urine

167
Q

dilute urine has

A

high amounts of urine

168
Q

dehydration can exist in two forms

A
  1. can lose just water , diarrhea, vomiting , sweating

2. can lose solutes to sametime ( see it in fluid loss, bleeding )

169
Q

hypotonic hydration

A

opposite of dehyrdation

people that drink lots of water but dont have the ability to regulate it, so causes swelling in the brain

170
Q

penetrating solutes

A

solutes that have the ability to enter and exit a cell

**could effect the size of cell

171
Q

tenecity

A

no value, no test ,

** only takes account in taking in the non-penetrating solutes

172
Q

isotonic solutes

A

same (equal amounts of water moving around the cell )

**the cell does not get bigger or smaller, does not change size of cell

173
Q

hypertonic solutes

A

a lot of particles in solution, more particles than you would find inside a cell, the water would leave the cell or cremate. (causes cell to shrink)
**could lose function that way in

174
Q

hypotonic solutes

A

very little particles , but mostly water, & put a cell in it , and non-penetrating solutes( particles in the cell and solutions aren’t going to go anywhere) looking at just water
which would cause the cell to swell, it can swell to the point that it burst , if cell just got bigger which stretches the channels, its damaging or potentially damaging receptors

175
Q

hypertonic solution

A

pulls fluids away from the brain, goes the kidneys, pts pee it away

176
Q

electrolytes are referred as

A

salts

177
Q

salts are

A

a positive ion and negative ion coming together

178
Q

3 main salts we are concerned about

A

sodium , calcium , potassium

179
Q

sodium

A

natrium

180
Q

the bodies response is to keep the blood at 300mosm using

A

counter current mechanism

181
Q

the counter current mechanism

A

which the nephron loop of juxatmedullary nephron and vasa recta of the juxatmedullary nephron which is the counter current exchanger

182
Q

what is the primary ion that contributes to the amount of body water we have

A

sodium

where sodium goes water goes, if its allowed. if no aquaporins present

183
Q

sodium is reabsorbed

A

terminal portion of the distal convoluted , as well as collecting ducts but if theres no aquaporins present, which we get from diuretic hormones, then water cannot follow

184
Q

sodium levels over 145 are referred as

A

hypernatremia ( high levels of sodium in blood)

185
Q

sodium levels below 135 are referred as

A

hyponatremia ( low levels of sodium in blood )

186
Q

high levels of calcium in the blood

A

hypercalciumia

187
Q

low levels of calcium in the blood

A

hypocalciumia

188
Q

high levels of magnesium

A

hypermagnesiumia

189
Q

low levels of magnesium

A

hypomagnesiumia

190
Q

sodium is regulated by

A

will be freely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule , as we move thru the ascending and distal convoluted tubule , and collecting, is where we start regulatin or reabsorbing sodium

191
Q

one of the primary hormones concerned about

A

aldosterone ( comes from different places, activate it based on renin angiotension aldosterone system)

192
Q

sametime we reabsorb sodium we are

A

secreting potassium

193
Q

if we high blood pressure

A

baroreceptors will be stimulated , then go to the cardiac center.

194
Q

what happens in the cardiac center when baroreceptors are activated

A

decrease in hr, decrease in contractility , vasodilation

195
Q

hormone referred as

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

  • released from atrial of the heart
  • undoes everything that renin does ( causes a stretch in the cells of the atrium, causes bp to decrease)
  • causes blood pressure to lower ( causes renin to stop)
196
Q

trigger for renin

A

is most things that have to do with a low blood pressure

197
Q

decrease in anti diuretic hormones

A

wont be making aquaporins, if you dont make aquaporins , cant reabsorbed the water, which mean water leaves the body in urine

198
Q

increase fluid lost

A

stroke volume goes down, and blood pressure goes down

199
Q

blood pressure is a factor of three things

A
  1. heart rate
  2. stroke volume
  3. resistance
200
Q

progesterone

A

has the opposite effect ( released later in the female reproductive system)

201
Q

two types of glucocorticoid

A
  1. endogenous :administer to pts

2. indigenous :released from adrenal cortex

202
Q

tubular reabsorption can also be increase by

A

glucocorticoid

203
Q

calcium exist in two phases

A

bound to a protein , and albumin ( when it occurs 50% calcium is unbound , 50% is bound to albumin

204
Q

unbound calcium is referred as

A

iconic calcium: calcium that does the work

205
Q

calcium bound to a protein

A

does not do anything

206
Q

total calcium

A

its bound to albumin or ionized calcium

207
Q

calcium is an important ion in the body

A

it causes the plateau in the body , so we have appropriate contractions in our cardiac cells, causes the skeletal muscle contraction, its involved in the bleeding process(one of the things that stops the bleeding) responsible for hormonal secretion, responsible for neuron secretions

208
Q

essentially calcium does 4 things

A
  1. bone resorption : breaking bone down(99% calcium is in our bones)
  2. parathyroid will cause calcium to be reabsorbed in the kidneys
  3. parathyroid causes vitamin D inside the kidneys to be activated
  4. the activated vitamin D allows for absorption in GI tract
209
Q

three types of cells in the bones

A
  1. osteoclast: breakdowns bones

2. osteoblast :build bones

210
Q

osteoclast

A

will move to the surface of the bone in areas that dont have a lot of stress, they will break bone down( bone resorption ), and release calcium into the the bloodstream

211
Q

when calcium levels are down ..

A

parathyroid hormones are released

212
Q

why do you need activated Vitamiin D?

A

need vitamin D activated in order to absorb calcium out of the GI tract

213
Q

what does calcitonin do ?

A

helps with bone buildup

214
Q

where is calcitonin released from

A 
thyroid gland (causes bone to be formed) 
inhibits the activity of osteoclast
215
Q

what should pH level be at?

A

7.35-7.45

216
Q

alkalosis is referred as

A

a pH higher that 7.45 (in a condition of alkalosis)

217
Q

acidosis is referred as

A

a pH lower than 7.35

218
Q

acid is

A

is something that when placed in a solution, will donate a hydrogens (gives up hydrogens)

219
Q

base is

A

something that will generally accept a hydrogen or sometimes something that will give up a hydroxide

220
Q

strong acid

A

has a low pH (lower the pH, stronger the acid)

221
Q

carbonic is

A

a weak acid (small amounts of hydrogens )

-does not donate free hydrogen ions

222
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

is a strong acid (because the large amounts of hydrogens , which cause pH to go down)
its a disassociate and tends to donate a lot of free hydrogen ions (which causes pH to decrease)

223
Q

acid base is important because

A

because pH has the ability to effect protein structures ( causes proteins to denature)

224
Q

ways to keep the pH between 7.35-7.45

A
  1. is the buffer system (chemical buffer system)
225
Q

a buffer is

A

something that resist change

226
Q

if the body generates to many hydrogen ions or base

A

body starts to take care of it, so that your pH doesnt have such big swings

227
Q

chemical buffer system

A
  1. bicarbonate system: located in extracellular fluid
  2. phosphate
  3. protein (largest)
228
Q

a weak acid/ base

A

does not donate hydroxides or doesnt accept as many hydrogens , pH go back to a normal range instead of going up

229
Q

where is the extracellular fluid ?3 primary compartments

A
  1. inside the cell
  2. outside the cell (anything outside the cell is extracellular )
    3.
230
Q

extracellular is broken down into

A
  1. vascular : where we have bicarbonate ions

2. interstitial fluid

231
Q

inside urine and interstitial fluid we have a

A

phosphate mechanism

232
Q

where the bicarbonate buffer system is

A

take a strong acid, combine it with a weak base= weak acid (which wont change pH to a degree)
take a strong base, combine with a weak acid=weak base

233
Q

where does the phosphate happen & how does it work?

A

inside the cell and in the blood
strong acid plus weak base= weak acid
strong base plus weak acid= weak base

234
Q

protein buffer system

A

proteins have an ability to either accept or donate hydrogen ions

(proteins can go in both directions)
***amphoteric:how proteins work, depends on environment (when he talked about bisexuals)

235
Q

how can you remove a lot of hydrogen ions

A

by decreasing CO2

236
Q

When does the respiratory system kick in?

A

when the chemical buffer system cant fix something going on in the body

237
Q

the most complex issue is when the acid or base problem is continuing to go on

A

the chemical buffer system didnt work, respiratory system didnt work either, then the kidneys would have to fix it

238
Q

how quickly things respond to an acid or base problem

A
  1. chemical buffer system responds
  2. respiratory system responds if chemical buffer system doesnt work
  3. kidneys fix it, if chemical or respiratory system dont work
239
Q

what do the kidneys do in an acid problem

A

get rid of hydrogens ( secrete hydrogen ions)
and reabsorb bicarbonate
** if a pt is alkalosis , then it would be the opposite

Urinary System (1 decks)

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