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Engineering > Full Engineering iGCSE > Flashcards

Full Engineering iGCSE Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the gear ratio?

A

Gear ratio = Number of teeth on driven gear / Number of teeth on driver

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2
Q

What’s the velocity ratio?

A

Velocity Ratio = Diameter of driven pulley / Diameter of the driver pulley

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3
Q

What’s strength?

A

Ability of a material to withstand force

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4
Q

What’s yield strength?

A

Amount of stress needed to start permanently deforming the object

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5
Q

What’s ultime tensile strength?

A

Stress at which the material fails

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6
Q

What’s ductility?

A

Amount that a material can be deformed

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7
Q

What’s malleability?

A

Ability of a material to be deformed without rupturing

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8
Q

What’s hardness?

A

Ability of a material to resists abrasion/penetration.

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9
Q

What’s stiffness?

A

Resistance to deformation

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10
Q

What’s strain?

A

Strain = change in length / original length

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11
Q

What’s stress?

A

Stress = force / cross-sectional area

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12
Q

What’s Young’s modulus?

A

Young’s modulus (E) = stress / strain

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13
Q

What’s toughness?
What’s brittleness?

A
  • Ability of a material to withstand an impact without breaking
  • Opposite to toughness (how easy it shatters)
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14
Q

What’s an alloy?

A

Mixture of metals

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15
Q

What two types of alloys are there?

A
  • Ferrous: contain iron
  • Non-ferrous: don’t contain iron
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16
Q

Examples of ferrous alloys?

A
  • Stainless steel
  • Cast iron
  • Steel
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17
Q

Examples of non-ferrous alloys?

A
  • Brass
  • Bronze
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18
Q

What’s a composite?

A

Materials made by combining 2+ different types of materials.

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19
Q

Difference between alloy & composite?

A

Alloy: Joined chemically
Composite: Not joined chemically (stuck together)

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20
Q

Examples of composites?

A
  • Glass-reinforced plastic (fiberglass)
  • Plywood
  • Medium density fibreboard
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21
Q

Examples of renewable sources?

A
  • Wind
  • Tidal
  • Biomass
  • Solar
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22
Q

Examples of non-renewable sources?

A
  • Fossil fuels
  • Nuclear energy
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23
Q

What’s a system block diagram?

A

Blocks to represent inputs, processes and outputs.

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24
Q

What’s an input in a system block diagram?

A

Input device
E.g. Light sensor

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25
Q

What’s a process in a system block diagram?

A

Processes the signal in some way, changing it
E.g Microcontroller

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26
Q

What’s the output in a system block diagram?

A

Output device, converts electrical signal into real world signal
E.g. Speaker

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27
Q

What’s a schematic drawing?

A
  • Show individual components
  • Represent how it works
  • Uses circuit symbols
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28
Q

What’re flowcharts?

A

Used to show the order in which events are carried out
Used to show steps in a process

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29
Q

What’s the terminator symbol?

A

Used to indicate beginning/end

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30
Q

What’s Input/Output (flowchart)?

A

Parallelogram
- Used to show inputs or outputs

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31
Q

What’s a process (flowchart)?

A

Rectangle
-Shows an action being carried out

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32
Q

What’s a decision (flowchart)?

A

Diamond
- Choice made
- Splits off

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33
Q

What’s the driven gear?

A

Gear turned by driver gear.

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34
Q

What’s the driver gear?

A

Gear turned by a motor to drive other gears

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35
Q

What’s the idler gear?

A

Intermediate gear between gears to change direction

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36
Q

What’s a cam?

A

Things that rotates and drives follower

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37
Q

What’s the follower?

A

Follows cam and moves as cam rotates.

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38
Q

What’s a piezo sounder?

A

Convert electric signals into sound using the piezo-electric effect.

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39
Q

What’re capacitors?
Capacitance unit?

A
  • Stores electrical charge
  • Farads
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40
Q

What’s a hydraulic system?

A
  • Use liquids to transmit power
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41
Q

What’s the diffrence between hydraulic and pneumatic?

A

Pneumatic: Faster, easier to use, produce less force
Hydraulic: Slower, harder to use, produce more force

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42
Q

What’s an engineer’s rule?

A

Steel ruler
- Useful for quick measurments

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43
Q

What’re callipers?

A

Measure internal & external size.

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44
Q

What’s a micrometer?

A
  • Measuring device
  • Used to measure small size with accuracy
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45
Q

What’re vernier callipers?

A

Can take accurate measurements with internal/external jaws

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46
Q

What’s engineer’s blue?

A

Used to highlight marks and make them stand out

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47
Q

What’s mechanical advantage?

A

M.A: load / effort

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48
Q

What does Young’s modulus measure?

A

How stiff a material is.

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49
Q

What’s a polymer?

A

A chain of small molecules (monomers) joined together.

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50
Q

What are the two main types of polymers?

A
  • Thermoplastics
  • Thermosettings polymers
51
Q

What’re thermoplastics?

A

Polymers that can be reshaped when hot.
- Ductile

52
Q

What’re thermosetting plastics?

A

Polymers that cannot be reshaped when hot.
- Harder & Rigid

53
Q

What’s timber?

A

Wood from trees.

54
Q

What’re ceramics?

A

Material that are oxide, nitride or carbide of a metal:
- Hard
- Low Ductility
- Very Brittle

55
Q

What are the different types of cutting processes?

A
  • Sawing
  • Shearing
  • Laser cutting
56
Q

What’s sawing?

A

Movement that progressively cuts away material.
- Have teeth that cut into material

57
Q

What’s shearing?

A

Applying a force from opposite sides will cut it in the middle.

58
Q

What’s laser cutting?

A

Cutting thin sheets of metals by vaporizing the cut line.

59
Q

What’s a lathe (turning)?

A

Round workpiece held by lathe that rotates. Then tools can be used to cut, sand or drill symmetrically.

60
Q

What’s milling?

A

Milling is when a rotating tool removes metal layers one at a time from a workpiece.

61
Q

What’s press forming?

A

Used to make 3D shapes from metal sheets.

Mould panels are pushed into the metal sheet that deform it into one piece.

62
Q

What’s punching?

A

A hole is made in a sheet, material pushed out is scrap, sheet is part.

63
Q

What’s stamping?

A

A hole is made in a sheet, material pushed out is the part, sheet is scrap.

64
Q

What’s a rivet?

A

Component used to hold sheets together.

65
Q

What’s a pop rivet?

A

Used to hold sheets together, only need access to one side.

66
Q

How does a pop rivet work?

A

Two parts: Pin & Rivet
- Rivet is inserted into hole
- Pin is pulled by rivet gun
- This deforms rivet on other side
- Makes a tight connection and holds sheet together

67
Q

What’s soldering?

A

Process in which two (or more) metal parts are joined together by solder.

68
Q

What’s welding?

A

Processs in which two metal parts are joined together by being fused.

69
Q

What’s the difference between welding & soldering?

A

Welding: High temperature, fused together.

Soldering: Low-temperature, solder forms join.

70
Q

What’s normalizing?

A

Carried out on work hardened steel.
Results in metal that’s tough with ductility, but soft.

71
Q

How does normalizing work?

A

Heated just above upper critical point, and let to cool from air.

72
Q

What’s annealing?

A

Heat treatment that makes a metal softer.

73
Q

How does annealing work?

A

Heating a material, and holding it there for a long time.

74
Q

What’s hardening?

A

Heat treatment that increased hardness & strength of material.

75
Q

What’s quenching?

A

Quickly cooling of a hot metal by immersing it in oil or water.

76
Q

How does hardening work?

A

Heated just above lower critical point. Atoms re-arrange. Then quenched to go to solid form.

77
Q

What’s tempering?

A

After hardened, it must be tempered to remove some hardness but reduces brittleness.

78
Q

How does tempering work?

A

Hardened steel is heated to 230-300ºC slowly, and quenched again.

79
Q

What’s mechanical advantage?

A

Ability of a mechanism to move a large load with a small effort force.

80
Q

How to calculate mechanical advantage?

A

Mechanical Advantage = Load / Effort

81
Q

What’re the 4 types of motion?

A
  • Linear motion
  • Rotary motion
  • Reciprocating motion
  • Oscillating motion
82
Q

What’s a gear train?

A

Transmit rotary motion & torque. Made up of multiple gears

83
Q

Gear ratio equations simplified:

A

Gear ratio = Driven / Driver

84
Q

What’s a cam and follower?

A

Turn rotary motion into reciprocating motion.

85
Q

What’s a pulley?

A

Reduce effort when lifting loads and transfer power within a system.

86
Q

What’s the velocity ratio?

A

Velocity ratio = Driven Pulley Diameter / Driver pulley diameter

87
Q

What’s current equation?

A

Current = Voltage / Resistance

88
Q

What’s Ohm’s law?

A

V = IR

89
Q

What’s main electricity?

A

Electricity supplied from outlets into homes. 230V AC.

90
Q

What’s a battery?

A

Convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

91
Q

What’s a switch?

A

Allow current to flow or not flow.

92
Q

What’s a relay?

A

Electrically operated switches, when current flow it attracts lever, and closes circuit.

93
Q

What’s a motor?

A

Convert current to rotary motion.

94
Q

What’s a solenoid?

A

Convert electrical energy into mechanical movement.

95
Q

What’re buzzers and bells?

A

Used to create sound when current flows through them.

96
Q

What’re lamps?

A

Output devices to create light?
E.G. Leds

97
Q

What’s an analogue signal?

A

Signals that change continuously and can take any value within a range.

98
Q

What’s a digital signal?

A

Pulses of information in binary.

99
Q

What’re sensor inputs?

A

Sensors are used as inputs in electronic systems, can be analogue or digital.

100
Q

Examples of sensors?

A
  • Thermistors
  • Light dependent resistors
101
Q

What’re process devices?

A

Brain of electronic system. Changes electrical signal from input, this controls output signal.

102
Q

Examples of process devices?

A
  • Integrated Circuits
  • Timers
  • Counters
  • Comparators
103
Q

What’re logic gates?

A

Electronic process that outputs signals depending on input.

104
Q

Types of logic gates?

A
  • NOT
  • AND
  • OR
  • NAND
  • NOR
105
Q

What’re programmable devices?

A

Can be used to perform complex operations. Programs perform actions in it.

106
Q

Examples of programmable devices?

A
  • Microcontrollers
  • PICs
107
Q

What’re interfacing components?

A

Boost the output signal going from process to output. Needed as output devices require larger current.

108
Q

Examples of interfacing components?

A
  • Transistors
  • Field Effect transistors FETs
109
Q

What’re output components?

A

Turn an electrical signal (voltage or current) into a real world signal such as light or movement.

110
Q

Outputs components examples:

A
  • LEDs
  • 7 Segment Displays
  • Piezo sounders
111
Q

What’re discrete components?

A

Components that aren’t classified as input or output. Passive components are discrete.

112
Q

What passive components are there?

A
  • Resistors: Reduce current
  • Diodes: Allow current to flow in one direction
  • Capacitors: Store electrical charge
113
Q

What’s a pneumatic system?

A

Use gas to transmit power.

114
Q

What’s a hydraulic system?

A

Uses liquids to transmit power.

115
Q

Pneumatic features?

A
  • Faster
  • Can be blown out and filled with new air
  • Clean
116
Q

Hydraulic features?

A
  • High levels of force
  • Cheaper
  • Needs reservoir
117
Q

What’s elasticity?

A

Ability of a material to return to its original shape when the load upon is removed.

118
Q

Factor of safety equation?

A

Factor = yield stress / load

119
Q

Reactive Maintenance

A

Physically fix it

120
Q

Proactive Mainetenace

A

Plan maintenance, to prevent failure

121
Q

Additive Manufacturing

A

Method where part is built up by adding material

122
Q

Rapid Prototyping

A

Uses additive manufacturing to make complete part or component

123
Q

Rapid Prototyping Advantages

A
  • Single Operation
  • Computer Operated
  • Carried out quickly
  • More precisely
  • More complex parts
124
Q

Engineering Rapid Prototyping Disadvantages

A
  • Limited range of materials

Engineering (4 decks)

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