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Y12 Chem > Fuels - U3 O1 > Flashcards

Fuels - U3 O1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a fuel?

A

A fuel is a substance that can be burned or consumed to produce energy.

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2
Q

True or False: Fossil fuels are derived from ancient organic materials.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Fossil fuels include _____, coal, and natural gas.

A

oil

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4
Q

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes biofuels from fossil fuels?

A

Biofuels are produced from renewable biological materials, whereas fossil fuels are non-renewable.

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5
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a type of biofuel? A) Coal B) Ethanol C) Natural gas

A

B) Ethanol

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6
Q

What are the two main categories of fuels?

A

Fossil fuels and biofuels.

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7
Q

True or False: Biofuels can be produced from food crops.

A

True

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8
Q

Short Answer: Name one environmental benefit of using biofuels.

A

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting organic matter into biofuels is known as _____ production.

A

biofuel

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel? A) Petroleum B) Solar energy C) Natural gas

A

B) Solar energy

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat.

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13
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings.

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14
Q

True or False: In exothermic reactions, the products have higher energy than the reactants.

A

False

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: In an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy change (ΔH) is __________.

A

positive

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: In an exothermic reaction, the enthalpy change (ΔH) is __________.

A

negative

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17
Q

What occurs during bond breaking in a chemical reaction?

A

Energy is absorbed to overcome the forces holding the atoms together.

18
Q

What occurs during bond making in a chemical reaction?

A

Energy is released as new bonds form between atoms.

19
Q

Which type of reaction typically has a decrease in temperature in the surroundings?

A

Endothermic reaction

20
Q

Which type of reaction typically has an increase in temperature in the surroundings?

A

Exothermic reaction

21
Q

True or False: All exothermic reactions are spontaneous.

A

False

22
Q

What is the relationship between bond strength and enthalpy changes in exothermic reactions?

A

Exothermic reactions typically form stronger bonds in products than those in reactants.

23
Q

What is the key difference in energy changes between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

A

Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy.

24
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of an exothermic process? A) Photosynthesis B) Combustion C) Melting ice

A

B) Combustion

25
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following processes is endothermic? A) Dissolving salt in water B) Burning wood C) Respiration

A

A) Dissolving salt in water

26
Q

What is the unit commonly used to measure enthalpy changes?

A

Kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol)

27
Q

What is the definition of a fuel?

A

A substance that provides energy through combustion or chemical reaction.

Distinction between fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petrol) and biofuels (biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel) based on renewability.

28
Q

List the types of fossil fuels.

A
  • Coal
  • Natural gas
  • Petrol

Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources formed from the remains of ancient organisms.

29
Q

List the types of biofuels.

A
  • Biogas
  • Bioethanol
  • Biodiesel

Biofuels are renewable resources produced from biological materials.

30
Q

What is renewability?

A

The ability of a resource to be replaced by natural processes within a relatively short period of time.

This concept is critical in distinguishing between fossil fuels and biofuels.

31
Q

What are the fuel sources for the body measured in kJ g-1?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids (fats and oils)

These macronutrients provide energy for bodily functions.

32
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process that converts light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen.

The equation is: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g).

33
Q

What is the balanced equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

This process involves the oxidation of glucose as a primary energy source.

34
Q

What is the process for the production of bioethanol?

A

Fermentation of glucose followed by distillation.

The equation is: C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g).

35
Q

What are exothermic reactions?

A

Reactions that release energy, typically characterized by bond making.

They are contrasted with endothermic reactions, which absorb energy.

36
Q

What are endothermic reactions?

A

Reactions that absorb energy, characterized by bond breaking.

Enthalpy changes (∆H) are measured in kJ.

37
Q

What units are used to measure enthalpy changes?

A

Measured in kJ, molar enthalpy changes in kJ mol-1, and enthalpy changes for mixtures in kJ g-1.

These measurements are crucial for understanding energy changes in chemical reactions.

38
Q

What is the significance of energy profile diagrams?

A

They represent the energy changes during chemical reactions, including activation energy and enthalpy changes.

Useful for visualizing exothermic and endothermic reactions.

39
Q

How do you determine limiting reactants in chemical reactions?

A

By calculating the amount of reactants consumed and identifying which one runs out first.

Limiting reactants dictate the maximum amount of product formed.

40
Q

What are combustion reactions?

A

Exothermic reactions involving the reaction of fuels with oxygen, resulting in the release of energy.

Includes complete and incomplete combustion.

41
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

A

Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water, while incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide and/or soot.

Balanced thermochemical equations are used to represent both types.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The balanced equation for the complete combustion of organic molecules includes _______.

A

[Balanced thermochemical equations]

These equations include states and are derived from experimental data.

Y12 Chem (7 decks)

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