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chemistry > fuels and earth science > Flashcards

fuels and earth science Flashcards

1
Q

what hydrocarbon

A

compound made from ONLY carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

what crude oil

A
  • complex mixture of many different hydrocarbon
  • formed at high pressure and temps
  • finite
  • alkane
  • chains or rings
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3
Q

what to use to separate crude oil

A
  • fractional distillation

* splits into fractions

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4
Q

how to separate crude oil

A
  • pumped into column
  • hydrocarbons with low bp evaporate and condense
  • all have different bp, different times and fractions
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5
Q

similar fractions

A
  • similar hydrocarbons have same carbon atoms
  • lots of carbon atoms have high bp, condense bottom
  • less carbon atoms low bp, condense top
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6
Q

why crude oil fractions

A

all have different uses

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7
Q

what bitumen for

A

surface roads and roof building

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8
Q

what fuel oil for

A

fuel large ships or power stations

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9
Q

what diesel for

A

fuel big cars and lorries

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10
Q

what kerosene for

A

fuel aircrafts

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11
Q

what petroleum for

A

fuel in cars

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12
Q

what gases for

A

domestic heating appliances

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13
Q

what homologous series

A

groups of hydrocarbons with similar properties

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14
Q

what homologous similar unit

A

CH2

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15
Q

types of properties of hydrocarbons that can be distinguished by

A
  • boiling points
  • ease of ignition
  • viscosity
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16
Q

boiling point

A
  • intermolecular forces of attraction stronger in bigger molecule
  • longer length more molecules
  • need more energy to break forces
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17
Q

ease of ignition

A
  • shorter, more easier to ignite
  • lower boiling point, gases
  • gas molecules mix with air, contact with spark flames
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18
Q

viscosity

A
  • stronger forces of attraction, harder to flow

* longer (stronger) very viscous

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19
Q

complete combustion

A
  • burning hydrocarbons
  • carbon and hydrogen react with oxygen from air
  • forms CO2 and water
  • plenty of oxygen
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20
Q

equation of complete combustion

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen > CO2 + water

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21
Q

incomplete combustion

A

*burning hydrocarbon with insufficient amount of oxygen in air

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22
Q

equation of incomplete

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen > carbon + carbon monoxide + water

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23
Q

what soot

A
  • carbon in solid form
  • in atmosphere
  • reduce air quality, building dirty
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24
Q

what carbon monoxide

A
  • toxic gas

* can combine with haemoglobin in bool cells, less oxygen transported

25
Q

how sulfur dioxide produced

A

when burning hydrocarbon fuels which have sulphur impurities

reacts with air forming sulphur dioxide

26
Q

how acid rain produced

A

sulphur dioxide evaporates into the air and reacts with water in the clouds to form sulphuric acid

27
Q

problems of acid rain

A

corrodes buildings/statues made from limestone

damages crops

lowers ph of large bodies water

28
Q

how oxides of nitrogen produced

A

in engines of cars the high temperatures and pressures causes nitrogen and oxygen to react with the air

29
Q

problems with oxides of nitrogen

A

it is a pollutant

produces acid rain with similar effects of sulphur oxide

causes respiratory problems

30
Q

advantage of using hydrogen as fuel in cars

A

releases more energy per kilo compare to other fuels

water is only the only pollutant

renewable

31
Q

disadvantage of hydrogen as fuel in cars

A

expensive to produce and lots of energy required for electrolysis

difficult to store as hydrogen is easily ignited

32
Q

non renewable fossils fuel in natural gas

A

methane

33
Q

what is cracking

A

process of breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller more useful ones

saturated alkanes cracked into shorter chain alkanes and unsaturated alkenes

34
Q

what is saturates

A

only single bonds

35
Q

what is unsaturated

A

contain some C=C double bonds

36
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

thermal decomposition

37
Q

why cracking needed

A

high demand for shorter chain alkenes and alkanes

38
Q

how formation of early atmosphere

A

volcanic activity

earths surface was molten with no atmosphere

cooling caused landmasses to solidify

volcanoes are formed on and land and released gases which forms atmosphere

39
Q

what was thought the earths atmosphere contained

A

lots of CO2

little to none O and water vapour

small amounts of other gases

40
Q

how oceans formed

A

when I called water vapour in atmosphere condense

41
Q

ways carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease after oceans formed

A

absorption by the oceans

absorption by plants and algae

42
Q

how carbon dioxide decreased from absorption by oceans

A

CO2 can be dissolved into then

goes through reactions

stored in sediments

43
Q

how CO2 decreased by absorption by plants and algae

A

primitive green plants and algae absorb some carbon dioxide from atmosphere when used in photosynthesis

44
Q

how amount of oxygen increased in atmosphere

A

growth of any plants use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and released oxygen

increase the amount of oxygen and increased carbon dioxide

45
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

46
Q

how to test for oxygen

A

place glowing splint inside test tube containing gas

Glowing split will really like if oxygen is present

47
Q

what is a greenhouse gas

A

a gas that can absorb and re-radiate long wavelength of radiation

48
Q

example of greenhouse gas

A

methane, carbon dioxide, water vapour

49
Q

what is the greenhouse effect

A

sun emits short wavelength of electromagnetic radiation

passes through atmosphere

the earth absorbs some radiation and warms up

and then re-emitted as long wavelength of infrared radiation

IR is absorbed by greenhouse gases then reradiated in all directions including the Earth

50
Q

has human activities caused a rise in greenhouse gases

A

greenhouse gas concentration has increased in the atmosphere, enhances greenhouse affect as more infrared radiation is absorbed and re-radiated back to earth so more warmer, global warming

51
Q

types of human activities that causes more greenhouse gases

A

having an increased energy consumption

deforestation

methane and farming

52
Q

how increased energy consumption created more greenhouse gases

A

human population increased and have become more industrialised

burning of fossil feels for energy releases carbon dioxide

released into the atmosphere as CO2

53
Q

how deforestation has created more greenhouse gases

A

Increase tune population needs more land for houses and crops to grow

increase to in population needs more land for houses and crops to grow

removing forests creates extra space

reduces the amount of photosynthesis occurring so less carbon dioxide removed and oxygen produced

54
Q

how methane and farming has increased greenhouse gases

A

larger population needs more farming using cowls and paddyfields which produce lots of methane

55
Q

evaluate evidence that human activity causing climate change

A

correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and temperature change

56
Q

challenges of obtaining climate change data

A

historical data is less accurate and location of the measurements are not precise

57
Q

effects of global warming

A

melting of the polar ice caps frequency

severity of storms increase

rainfall patterns changes

58
Q

current compositions of earths atmosphere

A

nitrogen 78%

oxygen 21%

argon 0.93%

carbon 0.04%

59
Q

how effects of global warming be mitigated

A

constructing flood defences in low-lying areas

using irrigation systems to provide water in drought

produce alternative crops which are better adapted to new environment

chemistry (1 decks)

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