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Chemistry > Fuels and Earth Science > Flashcards

Fuels and Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of resource is crude oil?

A

Non renewable

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2
Q

What is our main source of hydrocarbons?

A

Crude oil

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3
Q

What industry is crude oil used as a raw material in?

A

Petrochemical

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4
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Underground at high pressures and temperatures from the buried remains of plants and animals like plankton

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5
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Different compounds that are not chemically combined

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6
Q

What are most of the carbons in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons

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7
Q

What do hydrocarbons contain?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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8
Q

What are hydrocarbons in crude oil arranged in?

A

Chains or rings

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9
Q

Why can the properties of hydrocarbons change?

A

They differ in size

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10
Q

What process separates crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation

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11
Q

What is crude oil separated into during fractional distillation?

A

Groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms

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12
Q

What are the groups crude oil is separated into called?

A

Fractions

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13
Q

What are fractions?

A

Simpler, more useful mixtures of hydrocarbons that are similar lengths

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14
Q

What are short chain hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms

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15
Q

What are long chain hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms

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16
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

A series of compounds with the same general formular and similar chemical properties

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17
Q

What happens when carbon chains become longer?

A

The boiling point increases

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18
Q

As the alkane homologous series increases, how does the carbon number differ? How many does methane have?

A

Increases by one- methane has 1

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19
Q

As the alkane homologous series increases, how does the hydrogen number differ? How many does methane have?

A

By 2- methane has 4

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20
Q

As the alkene homologous series increases, how does the hydrogen number differ? How many does methene have?

A

Increases by 1- methene has 1

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21
Q

As the alkene homologous series increases, how does the hydrogen number differ? How many does methene have?

A

Increases by 2- methene has 2

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22
Q

What are the 2 different homologous series of hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes and alkenes

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23
Q

What property of hydrocarbons affects which crude oil fraction it separates into?

A

Size

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24
Q

Why do all molecules in a fraction behave in the same way?

A

They have similar chemical properties

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25
Q

Why do smaller hydrocarbon molecules have lower boiling points?

A

Intermolecular forces of attraction break easier than in big molecules

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26
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How hard it is for a liquid to flow

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27
Q

What gives hydrocarbons a higher viscosity?

A

Stronger forces of attraction between molecules

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28
Q

What length hydrocarbons do fractions with a higher viscosity have?

A

Longer

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29
Q

What length hydrocarbons do fractions with a lower viscosity have?

A

Shorter

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30
Q

What length hydrocarbons are easier to ignite?

A

Shorter

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31
Q

Why are shorter hydrocarbons usually gases at room temperature?

A

Lower boiling point

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32
Q

Why are longer hydrocarbons harder to ignite?

A

Higher boiling points

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33
Q

What state are longer hydrocarbons at room temperature?

A

Higher boiling points

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34
Q

What properties do long chain hydrocarbons have?

A

Higher boiling points and viscosity

Less flammable

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35
Q

What properties do short chain hydrocarbons have?

A

Lower boiling points and viscosity

More flammable

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36
Q

What is cracking?

A

When longer chain hydrocarbons are broken down into shorter chain hydrocarbons

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37
Q

Why is cracking useful?

A

Long chain hydrocarbons are not as useful so are broken down into more useful, short chain hydrocarbons

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38
Q

What are the properties of alkane hydrocarbon molecules?

A

Long and saturated

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39
Q

What are the properties of alkene hydrocarbon molecules?

A

Smaller and unsaturated

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40
Q

What is a thermal decomposition reaction?

A

When one substance is broken down into at least 2 new ones when heated

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41
Q

Why do thermal decomposition reactions take lots of energy?

A

Strong covalent bonds are broken down

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42
Q

What are used to speed up thermal decomposition reactions?

A

Catalysts

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43
Q

When does cracking occur?

A

After fractional distillation- the longer molecules produced are cracked into smaller ones

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44
Q

Why does cracking occur?

A

More demand for products like petrol and diesel than bitumen and fuel oil

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45
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Steam and catalytic

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46
Q

What occurs during steam cracking?

A

Heavy, vaporised hydrocarbons are mixed with steam under high temperatures

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47
Q

What occurs during catalytic cracking?

A

Vaporised long chain hydrocarbons are passed over a powdered catalyst at high temperatures and are broken apart

48
Q

What catalyst is used for catalytic cracking?

A

Aluminium oxide

49
Q

What does fractional distillation separate?

A

Hydrocarbons with different boiling points

50
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation?

A

Crude oil heated and evaporates
Goes into fractionating column and rises
Temperature gradient means it is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
Long chain condense at the bottom
Short chain pass up column and condense at the top

51
Q

What happens to the fractions collected after fractional distillation?

A

They are processed to make end products

52
Q

Why do shorter chain hydrocarbons condense at the top?

A

Lower temperatures at the top and they have lower boiling points

53
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Surfacing roads

54
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Larger ships and power stations

55
Q

What is diesel oil used for?

A

Cars and trains

56
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Fuel in aircraft

57
Q

What are the refinery gases used for?

A

Domestic heating and cooking

58
Q

Why are hydrocarbons great fuels?

A

When you burn them the complete combustion reactions give out lots of energy

59
Q

Is complete combustion endothermic or exothermic?

A

Very exothermic

60
Q

When hydrocarbons are burned in an excess of oxygen, what are the products?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

61
Q

When does incomplete combustion take place?

A

When there is not enough oxygen for complete combustion

62
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water

63
Q

In incomplete combustion, what is the carbon produced in the form of?

A

Soot

64
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

A colourless, odourless, toxic gas

65
Q

How does carbon monoxide lead to death?

A

It can combine with red blood cells to stop blood carrying oxygen around the body

66
Q

What harmful gases are produced when fossil fuels are burned?

A

Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides

67
Q

How is sulfur dioxide produced when burning fossil fuels?

A

Sulfur oxidises when burned

68
Q

Why does sulfur dioxide fall as acid rain?

A

It mixes with clouds forming dilute sulfuric acid

69
Q

How do nitrogen oxides form?

A

When hydrocarbons are burned in a confined space where the high temperatures cause nitrogen and oxygen to react, forming nitrogen oxides

70
Q

Pros of hydrogen

A

Clean, renewable and no greenhouse gases emitted

71
Q

Why is hydrogen clean?

A

Only waste product is water

72
Q

Cons of hydrogen

A

Hard to store and must be manufactured which is expensive and not always clean

73
Q

Why is hydrogen not always clean?

A

Needs to be manufactured which uses energy from another source eg from burning fossil fuels

74
Q

Why is hydrogen hard to store?

A

Must be at high pressures

75
Q

How long ago was the earth formed?

A

4.6 billion years ago

76
Q

In the earth’s early existence (1st billion years) what did the volcanoes release via eruptions?

A

Carbon dioxide, steam, methane, ammonia and nitrogen

77
Q

In the earth’s early existence (1st billion years) what gas was there little of in the atmosphere?

A

Oxygen

78
Q

In the earth’s early existence (1st billion years) what was gradually building up in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

79
Q

In the earth’s early existence (1st billion years) what gas was there most of in the atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide

80
Q

What condensed to form oceans?

A

Water vapour

81
Q

What formed carbonate precipitates?

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved into oceans, forming a weak acid which reacted with seawater

82
Q

What were carbon precipitates deposited as?

A

Sediment

83
Q

What did some carbonate precipitates make?

A

Corals and shells of organisms

84
Q

What removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

A

Carbonate precipitates in the oceans which marine animals removed
Photosynthesis

85
Q

What formed nitrogen gas?

A

Ammonia reacting with oxygen and was released by denitrifying bacteria

86
Q

Why did nitrogen levels rise?

A

It isn’t very reactive so it wasn’t being broken down

87
Q

What evolved after oceans?

A

Photosynthetic algae

88
Q

What did algae remove and produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

89
Q

What did most of the carbon dioxide get locked up in?

A

Fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks

90
Q

What evolved after algae?

A

Plants

91
Q

Why did early organisms get killed off?

A

A build up of oxygen

92
Q

What evolved after the early organisms?

A

More complex organisms that made use of oxygen

93
Q

What did the oxygen create?

A

Ozone layer

94
Q

Why did the ozone layer allow more complex organisms to evolve?

A

Blocked harmful rays from the sun

95
Q

History of the earth (6)

A 
1- volcanoes 
2- oceans 
3- nitrogen builds up
4- algae 
4- complex organisms 
5- ozone layer 
6- more complex organisms
96
Q

Distribution of gases in the earth’s atmosphere today

A

Nitrogen = 78%
Oxygen = 21%
Other gases = 1%

97
Q

What does the greenhouse effect do?

A

Keeps us warm

98
Q

Describe the greenhouse effect

A

Sun emits electromagnetic radiation which passes through atmosphere
Short wavelength radiation absorbed by earth, warming us up
Some is radiated as longer wavelength, infrared radiation
Some infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases
Some is reflected back to Earth because the greenhouse gases don’t let the long wavelengths pass through
Trapped in the atmosphere, keeping us warm
Some re-emitted back into space

99
Q

Why does the enhanced greenhouse effect occur?

A

If the concentration of greenhouse gases increases because more solar radiation is absorbed and less is re-emitted into space which causes the atmosphere to warm up

100
Q

What has produced more greenhouse gases?

A

Human activity

101
Q

What is global warming?

A

Average global temperatures increasing due the enhanced greenhouse effect

102
Q

What is global warming a type of?

A

Climate change

103
Q

What does global warming cause?

A

Other types of climate change like changing rainfall patterns and the melting of ice caps which causes flooding

104
Q

What is anthropogenic?

A

Caused by humans

105
Q

3 main greenhouse gases

A

Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane

106
Q

How do carbon dioxide levels increase?

A

Burning fossil fuels

107
Q

How do methane levels increase?

A

Agriculture- growing rice in flooded fields or digestive processes of certain livestock

108
Q

Why is less carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere?

A

Deforestation means cutting down and burning trees which releases more carbon dioxide and prevents it being absorbed

109
Q

What human activities are causing climate change?

A

Agriculture, deforestation, land fill sites, burning fossil fuels

110
Q

How are land fill sites causing climate change?

A

More mounds of decomposing waste releases methane

111
Q

What could cause rising sea levels, leading to flooding and erosion of coastal regions?

A

Melting polar ice sheets and glaciers

112
Q

Meteorological effects of climate change

A

Higher frequency and severity of storms, heatwaves and droughts

113
Q

How would the amount of water change due to climate change?

A

Availability would change

114
Q

What would there be shortages of due to climate change?

A

Food

115
Q

What could increasing temperatures change the distribution of?

A

Animals

116
Q

Ways to estimate climate change

A

Fossils, tree rings, gas bubbles trapped in ice cores, pollen

Chemistry (5 decks)

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