Fuel choices

Question 1

Define fuel

Answer 1

a fuel is a substance that can be reacted with other substances (often oxygen) leading to the release of energy (usually chemical) that can be harnessed for a specific purpose

Question 2

Define renewablility

Answer 2

A renewable fuel is one that can be replenished or replaced by natural processes within a related short period of time renewable feels like considered a substantial source of fuel, since we can continually replenish the fuel.

Question 3

Define fossil fuel

Answer 3

Fossil fuels are chemicals that are produced by fossilization of dead plants and animals

Question 4

Fossilisation process in the formation of fuels

Answer 4

Occurs over millions of years, the preserved dead organism is subject to high pressures in the multiple layers of rock and sentiment that formed over it, and the chemicals are comprise the organism are broken down into a mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic substances. This leads to the formation of a mixture of solid coal, liquid crude oil and natural gases

Question 5

Fossil fuels are considered…

Answer 5

a non renewable source of energy this is because the rate of which fossil fuel production by fossilisation occurs is extremely slow

Question 6

Define biofuels

Answer 6

Are fuels that are derived from matter from living or recently deceased plants

Question 7

Process of biofuels

Answer 7

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce glucose from C2O and H2O using sunlight as a source of energy. The glucose is converted into other organic molecules such as oils protein and complex carbohydrates, these organic molecules including glucose and oils can be extracted and the plant and chemically modified to form biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel

Question 8

When is biogas produced

Answer 8

Biogas is produced when plants die and start to decompose, bacteria breaks down these large molecules into smaller molecules including methane gas, these fuels are renewable.

Question 9

How are biofuels carbon neutral (no net production of CO2)

Answer 9

CO2 released during the burning of fuel is approximately equal to the CO2 consumed during the production of the fuel example growing of the crops (via photosynthesis)

Question 10

Biofuel

Burning of fuels

Answer 10

Fuels that burn in oxygen are combustion reactions. Combustion reactions are exothermic reactions (ie ΔH<0) Where there is a net loss release of chemical energy throughout the reaction. Chemical energy is converted into other forms of energy such as thermal energy light energy and in some cases mechanical energy

Question 11

Biofuel

Burning of fuels
1 MJ = ____ kJ and 1 tonne = _____ kg

Answer 11

1000, 1000

Question 12

Biofuel

Define complete combustion

Answer 12

Complete combustion occurs when a fuel is burnt in excessive oxygen to form CO2 and H2O

Question 13

Biofuel

Define incomplete combustion

Answer 13

Incomplete combustion occurs when a fuel is burnt in limited amount of oxygen this produces CO

Question 14

Biofuel

The enthalpy of incomplete combustion of a fuel is always ____ negative than the enthalpy of complete combustion of a fuel

Answer 14

Less

Question 15

Biofuel

Greenhouse gases

Answer 15

The thing about fuels is that when you combust them, you produce greenhouse gases which are gases that can absorb infrared radiation which warms up the planet. Greenhouse gases include CO2 and Ch4 as well as water vapour H2O. Excess production of greenhouse gases is problematic because they can cause global warming also known as climate change

Question 16

Fossil fuel choices

Define coal

Answer 16

a black rock, is a fossil fuel that is composed of a variety of very long hydrocarbon molecules that, like any other hydrocarbon, can be combusted to release energy to generate electricity. The energy content of coal is approximately 30 MJ / kg. -Non renewable

Question 17

Fossil fuel choices

-
-

Answer 17

• Wildlife habitat is destroyed
• contamination of water within underground water disposits
• Coal miners who breathe coal dust can end up getting black lung disease

Question 18

Fossil fuel choices

-
-

Answer 18

-Combustion of coal leads to the production of greenhouse gas CO2, which to contributes to global warming
- Coal is a mixture of N and S atoms (+ others) therefore the production leads to NO and NO2.
Therefore the Nitrogen and sulphur oxides, being acidic acid can react with and dissolve in water to form acid rain
-The burning coal also leads to release of particular matter in air which is basically unburnt bits of coal this contributes to air pollution and smog and when inhaled can cause serious health effects

Question 19

Fossil fuel choices

Define crude oil

Answer 19

a black tarry liquid that is composed of a series of large hydrocarbon molecules and other organic molecules containing some N and S atoms

Question 20

Fossil fuel choices

Crude oils
The products of fractional distillation are 
-L
-P
-K
-D
-F

Answer 20

• Liquidfied petroleum gas (LPG): a mixture of propane and butane
• Petrol: liquids containing about 8-10 carbons
• Kerosene: slightly more viscous liquids, used as jet fuel
• Diesel: more viscous liquid containing (15 carbon atoms)
• Fuel oil: mixture of large hydrocarbon atoms, a black tarry liquid

Question 21

Fossil fuel choices

Process of crude oil

Answer 21

Crude oil is very rarely used in its raw form as a fuel. It is first refined (the different compound of crude oil are separated by fractional diffusion (The components are separated by boiling point and therefore by molecular size)

Question 22

Fossil fuel choices

Crude oil has a ____ energy content than coal

Answer 22

greater

Question 23

Fossil fuel choices

-🚱
-🛢

Answer 23

• habitat destruction
• Fracking, is used where the oil is hidden within a layer of Rock deep in the ground called shale. The issue is water contamination
• Oil spill during extraction of oil from below seabed

Question 24

Fossil fuel choices

Crude oil
How is it extracted

Answer 24

By drilling a hole through the bottom of a seabed or landmass.

Question 25

Fossil fuel choices Environmental impacts of crude oil (combustion) - -🌧 -☁

Answer 25

-Produce greenhouse gases Acidic nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides can also be emitted, leading to -acid rain, and -photochemical smog (high level of ozone)

Question 26

Fossil fuel choice Define Petroleum gas (LPG) natural gases -Dry natural gas -Wet natural gas

Answer 26

Usually sold in liquid form as LPG, is composed primarily of propane and butane. Is generally used as vechial fuel and for cooking - Primary methane, used for cooking and electrical generation - Wet natural gas is best compost of very small hydrocarbons also formed from fossilisation as well as from crude oil. (non renewable)

Question 27

The energy content of dry natural gas is the ____ of all the fossil fuels

Answer 27

highest

Question 28

Fossil fuel choices Environmental impacts of petroleum gas and natural gas (sourcing) - -

Answer 28

- Habitat destruction | - gas leaks (leakage of methane into the atmosphere) methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas more than carbon dioxide

Question 29

Fossil fuel choices Process of petroleum gas and natural gas

Answer 29

A hole is drilled unto the ground to extract wet natural gas. The wet natural gas is refined, separating the methane from the heavier hydrocarbons, as well as pollutants such as sulphur compounds. The heavier hydrocarbons are collected and packaged as petroleum gas whereas the methane is packaged as dry natural gas.

Question 30

Fossil fuel choices Environmental impacts of petroleum gas and natural gas (combustion) - -

Answer 30

- The production of CO2, greenhouse gas | - as well as the production of nitrogen and sulphur oxides with associated acid rain and smog

Question 31

Fossil fuels choices Petroleum gas and natural gas Burning natural gas to generate electricity releases ____ greenhouse gas per unit of energy generated from coal and oil

Answer 31

less

Question 32

Fossil fuels Coal steam gas

Answer 32

Coal seam gas is primarily methane, just like wet natural gas. Is found mixed within deposits of wet coal underground known as coal steam (non renewable)

Question 33

Fossil fuel choices ``` Environmental impacts of coal steam gas (sourcing) - - - - ```

Answer 33

- Habitat destruction - Gas leak of methane - Fracking - Sources of groundwater may be depleted

Question 34

Fossil fuel choices Environmental impacts of coal steam gas (combustion)

Answer 34

Same as natural gas

Question 35

Biofuel choices (renewable) Bioethanol Bioethanol is produced from....

Answer 35

the fermentation of glucose by yeast cells

Question 36

Biofuel choices Bioethanol Where do we get glucose from? - -

Answer 36

Sugarcane- the sugar is extracted from sugarcane directly Wheat, corn, wood- The cellulose (a polymer of glucose molecules) is broken down into glucose in a process known as saccharification, and then the glucose is fermented.

Question 37

Biofuel choices Bioethanol The energy content of buy ethanol is ____ than petrol

Answer 37

lower

Question 38

Biofuel choices Bioethanol Environmental impacts of bio ethanol (sourcing)

Answer 38

Natural habitat has to be cleared to grow crops leading to changes in the ecosystem disadvantage for wildlife. Although source bio ethanol from existing crop plantations minus in the amount of land that needs to be cleared

Question 39

Biofuel choices Bioethanol Environmental impacts of bio ethanol (combustion)

Answer 39

Usually there is more CO2 that is produced in the production of crops because processing the crops requires electrical power which is generated usually via coal which itself produce CO2

Question 40

Biofuel choices Biodiesel Biodiesel is a mixture of...

Answer 40

Fatty acid methyl esters (frames). These frames are produced from modifications of triglycerides

Question 41

Biofuel choices Biodiesel Where do we get the triglycerides from?

Answer 41

We get them from vegetable oil crops are grown and vegetable oil is extracted from these crops and converted to frames

Question 42

Biofuel choices Biodiesel How are they converted to frames though?

Answer 42

By a process called transesterifiedation, Whereby the triglycerides are mixed with a mixture of potassium hydroxide (KOH) dissolved in methanol. KOH is a catalyst whereas methanol is a reactant.

Question 43

Biofuel choices Biodiesel Environmental impacts of biodiesel (sourcing and combustion)

Answer 43

Same as bio ethanol

Question 44

Biofuel choices Biogas

Answer 44

is a mixture of gases compose primary of methane with a significant amount of CO2 that is produced from anaerobic metabolism of recently living plant material

Question 45

Biofuel choices Biogas is sourced in Australia from : - 🏭 - 🏕 - 💀

Answer 45

- Sewage treatment plants; Were the organic matter in sewage decomposes anaerobically to produce methane into the atmosphere - Landfill; The organic matter in Lancefield decomposes anaerobically to reduce methane in the atmosphere - Biomass; Organic matter from organism that have recently died can be anaerobically digested by bacteria to form methane

Question 46

Biofuel choices Biogas has ____ energy content of coal steam gas and natural gas

Answer 46

the same

Question 47

Biofuel choices Environmental impacts of biogas (sourcing) - -

Answer 47

- If sourced from biomass and we experience the same issue related to land clearance - If soured from landfill and sewage treatment plants there is the relatively little negative environmental impact

Question 48

Biofuel choices Environmental impacts of biogas (combustion) + - -

Answer 48

- If sourced from recently dead plant material as biomass this is considered carbon neutral - If biogas is sourced from sewage treatment plants or landfill this will decrease the impact of greenhouse gases admission. This is because if the methane has not been extracted from the sewage treatment plant or landfill it would have just escaped into the atmosphere anyway

Question 49

Methane itself is in extremely powerful greenhouse gas, _____ pollutant than carbon dioxide

Answer 49

much more

Question 50

Petrodiesel and biodiesel fuel choices Petrodiesel - -

Answer 50

- Petrol diesel is composed of a mixture of Lots of different hydrocarbons - Petrodiesel is source primary from fractional diffusion of crude oil as a fossil fuel

Question 51

Comparing biodiesel and petrodiesel biodiesel and petrol diesel (combustion products)

Answer 51

Compared to petrodiesel, biodiesel produces less carbon monoxide and more nitrogen oxides. Biodiesel is considered to contain less sulphur than petrodiesel

Question 52

Comparing biodiesel and petrodiesel Biodiesel and petrodiesel (Flow along fuel lines) - - -

Answer 52

- Increased viscosity makes it difficult to pump fluid through the narrow pipes and through the fuel pump and fuel filter - Biodiesel is more viscous than petrodiesel likely because the presence of additional dipole dipole interaction between the C=O group - The viscosity of fluids increases as the temperature decrease - Once the temperature is cool enough (below what is called the pour Point ), the fuel becomes so viscous that it is practically unable to flow. The pour point is significantly higher in biodiesel then it is in petrol diesel

Question 53

Comparing biodiesel and petrodiesel Biodiesel and petrodiesel (Flow along fuel lines) - -

Answer 53

- Hygroscopicity, The ability of the fuel to absorb water from the atmosphere - Biodiesel has a significantly higher hygroscopicity than petrodiesel because it can form hydrogen Bonds with water molecules.

Question 54

Comparing biodiesel and petrodiesel ``` Biodiesel and petrodiesel (environmental impacts) - - - - ```

Answer 54

Combustion of biodiesel leads to : - Lower production of carbon monoxide - Lower emission of particulate matter - Lower emission of unburned hydrocarbons - Higher emission of nitrogen oxides