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GEOG3350 > Fuel Alternatives > Flashcards

Fuel Alternatives Flashcards

1
Q

Name alternative/renewable fuel types

A
  • Biodiesel
  • Electricity
  • Ethanol (E85)
  • Hydrogen
  • Natural gas
  • Propane
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2
Q

Examples of fuel economy

A
  • Fuel efficient vehicles
  • Driving habits
  • Vehicle maintenance
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3
Q

Examples of idle reduction

A
  • Technologies
  • Behavioral changes
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4
Q

Examples of trip elimination services

A
  • Telecommuting
  • Ridesharing
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5
Q

What is biodiesel?

A

Biodiesel is a liquid fuel made up of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAME).
Produced by chemically reacting lipids with an alcohol.
* Cleaner-burning replacement for
diesel fuel.

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6
Q

How/where is biodiesel produced?

A
  • Domestically produced,
    renewable fuel.
  • Manufactured from vegetable
    oils, animal fats, restaurant
    grease.
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7
Q

How is biodiesel used?

A
  • Blended in diesel (B2, B5, B20, B100)
  • b5/b20 most common in US
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8
Q

Biodiesel pros

A
  • Biodegradable
  • Non toxic
  • lubricant for your engine
  • domestically produced
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9
Q

Biodiesel cons

A
  • Can be expensive
  • Potentially lower fuel economy & power
  • More nitrogen oxide emissions
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10
Q

Ethanol production

A
  • Produced by fermenting and distilling starchy feedstocks
    (corn, sugar cane, sugar beets) and cellulosic feedstocks
    (yard waste, grasses, poplars)
  • Renewable fuel produced from plant materials (biomass)
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11
Q

Ethanol Blends | What is E10?

A
  • Contains 10% ethanol, 90% gasoline
  • Most common blend in U.S
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12
Q

Ethanol Blends | What is E15?

A
  • Contains 15% ethanol, 85% gasoline
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13
Q

Ethanol Blends | What is E85?

A
  • Contains 51%-83% ethanol
  • Alternative fuel under Energy Policy
    Act of 1992
  • Used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs)
  • Available in most states
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14
Q

Ethanol Advantages

A
  • Domestically produced from
    non-petroleum, renewable
    resources
  • Non-toxic
  • Can reduce emissions by as
    much as 60%
  • Rural revival
  • Very compatible with traditional
    internal combustion engines
  • Minimal addition to vehicle
    cost
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15
Q

Ethanol Disadvantages

A
  • Pure ethanol cannot be used in
    cold weather conditions
  • Lower fuel economy – less
    energy per gallon
  • Price is variable
  • Food vs. Fuel
  • Cost to produce
  • Limited availability in some
    areas
  • Can only be
    used in flex
    fuel vehicles
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16
Q

Natural Gas

A
  • Hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH4)
  • High octane rating
  • Commercial fleets have used natural gas as a
    motor vehicle fuel for over 50 years
  • Extracted from gas and oil wells
  • Utilizes existing pipeline distribution system
17
Q

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

A
  • Stored in onboard tanks under high pressure
    – compressing natural gas to less than 1% of its volume at standard
    atmospheric pressure
  • Fuel economy similar to gasoline
  • 1 GGE = 5.7 lb CNG
18
Q

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)

A
  • Kept at cold temperatures
    – Natural gas is converted to LNG by cooling it to -260°
    Fahrenheit
  • Stored in double-wall, vacuum-insulated pressure
    vessels
  • Heavy-duty vehicles
  • 1 GGE = 1.5 gal LNG
19
Q

Natural Gas Advantages

A
  • Domestically produced
  • Less expensive than gasoline
  • Reduced smog pollutants 60-
    90%
  • 30-40% less greenhouse gas
    emissions
  • Non-toxic, non-corrosive, and
    non-carcinogenic
  • Not a threat to soil, surface
    water, or groundwater
  • Commercially available
20
Q

Natural Gas Disadvantages

A
  • Limited vehicle availability
  • Non-renewable fossil fuel
    (mostly)
  • Slightly lower fuel economy
  • Still less infrastructure than
    traditional fuels
  • Fuel Expires (LNG)
  • Large storage capacity
    necessary (CNG)
  • Safety – non EPA approved
    conversion kits
  • Fracking
21
Q

Propane (AKA Liquified Petroleum Gas {LPG}) C3H8

A
  • Colorless, odorless liquid (when stored under
    pressure)
  • By-product of natural gas processing and
    crude oil refining
  • Propane is the most-used alternative
    transportation fuel in the world
  • Propane has one of the highest energy
    densities of all alternative fuels
22
Q

Which vehicles are propane vehicles?

A
  • Light-duty vehicles available
  • Engines and fueling systems for heavy- and medium-duty vehicles
  • Conversions
23
Q

Propane Advantage

A
  • Non-toxic
  • Clean burning
  • Lower GHG Emissions
  • Domestic
  • Comparable to gasoline in
    range and performance
  • Slightly lower cost compared to
    gasoline
24
Q

Propane Disadvantages

A
  • Limited OEM availability
  • Less readily available than
    gasoline or diesel
  • Non-renewable fossil fuel
  • Lower fuel economy
25
Q

The three categories of vehicles

A
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
  • Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
  • All-Electric Vehicles (EVs)
26
Q

Electric Drive Advantages

A
  • Domestic energy source
  • No tailpipe pollutants
  • Performance & Maintenance
    benefits
  • Cost of electricity is generally
    less than the gasoline
    equivalent
  • Cost 60-75% less to operate
  • Higher fuel economy (hybrid)
27
Q

Electric Drive Disadvantages

A
  • Range Anxiety
  • Recharge Time
  • Charging Infrastructure
  • Cost of the Batteries
    – Resource issues
  • Battery weight
  • Emissions from electricity
    generation
28
Q

Hydrogen

A
  • Most abundant, renewable element in world
  • The energy in 2.2 lb of hydrogen gas is about the same
    as the energy in 1 gallon of gasoline
29
Q

Hydrogen Advantages

A
  • Domestically produced
  • Non-toxic – H2O bi-product
  • Abundant
  • Renewable
  • Combustion waste product is
    water
  • Potential to be an emission
    free fuel
  • Multiple sources
  • Efficient
30
Q

Hydrogen Disadvantages

A
  • Large storage capacity is
    necessary
  • Expensive to produce the fuel
  • Not available – infrastructure in
    most states.
  • Range
  • Still mostly in the research/test
    phase
  • Hydrogen transport

GEOG3350 (6 decks)

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