fucking bio chapter fucking 6

Question 1

what is cellar metabolism

Answer 1

metallic pathways that allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain structure and respond to stimuli

Question 2

kinetic and potential energy? what kinds of energy are associated with each

Answer 2

energy in motion, energy before being put in motion and can become kinetic energy

Question 3

1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics and how they relate to biology

Answer 3

1st law
total energy in a closed system is neither lost or gained, only transformed.
all biological organisms require energy to survive
2ns law:
transfer of energy involves some release as heat.
transfer of energy happens in all biological organisms

Question 4

what is entropy? biological example of increasing and decreasing entropy?

Answer 4

entropy is the available energy in a closed system.
when heat is removed entropy decreases, when added it increases.

Question 5

what is Gibbs free energy? what des positive and negative value mean?

Answer 5

amount of usable energy in a system.
negative value means reaction will occur spontaneously
positive value means non spontaneous - input of external energy is required

Question 6

exergonic and endergonic reaction? how can we determine if a reaction wud be spontaneous or not

Answer 6

exergonic:
energy leaves the system
if the system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same it will be spontaneous
endergonic:
energy enters the system
if cooled with an even more exergonic reaction

Question 7

what is required to get a spontaneous reaction to proceed? does spontaneous mean fast to instneous

Answer 7

activation energy is required. spontaneous reaction means the products will blower in free energy than the reactants

Question 8

what Is activation energy and how does it work

Answer 8

the minimum quantity of energy required to undergo a specific reaction. uses heat energy from the surroundings

Question 9

where does activation energy come from

Answer 9

heat

Question 10

what is a catalyst? what changed about activation energy when a reaction is catalyzed

Answer 10

facilitates a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed. catalyst increases the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy

Question 11

what are enzymes and how do they function

Answer 11

enzymes speed up reactions by reducing activation energy

Question 12

How can active sites catalyze a reaction?

Answer 12

a substrate binds to the active site and it changes her shape a little to prepare it to catalyze the reaction.

Question 13

What do enzymes NOT do?

Answer 13

alter the thermodynamics of a reaction

Question 14

Describe different ways enzymes affect the rates of reactions?

Answer 14

lowering activation energy, increasing collision frequency,

Question 15

What can regulate enzyme activity? How?

Answer 15

substrate concentration:
products inhibition

Question 16

What are cofactors, activators, inhibitors

Answer 16

cofactors: substance that is essential for the activity of an enzyme
activators: increase activity of an enzyme or protein
inhibitors: inhibit the enzyme

Question 17

What does it mean for an enzyme to be allosterically regulated?

Answer 17

activity is modulated by the binding of specific molecules to sites on the enzyme that are distinct from its active site.

Question 17

What are some advantages of multienzyme complexes?

Answer 17

increased efficiency, reduced side reactions, precise regulation

Question 18

What are metabolic pathways?

Answer 18

`series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell to convert one molecule or group of molecules into another mole or set of molecules.

Question 19

How does feedback inhibition function?

Answer 19

end product of a metabolic pathway acts as na inhibitor by binding to an enzyme earlier in the pathway. Inhibition reduces the enzymes activity and prevents the overproduction of the end product.

Question 19

Explain the difference between Catabolic and Anabolic reactions, and how they relate to energy

Answer 19

catabolic reaction: breaking bonds down
anabolic reaction: requires enehru

Question 20

What is ATP’s structure? What kind of reaction releases energy from an ATP molecule?

Answer 20

hydrolysis is the reaction
ATP is nucleoside triphosphate, nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar and three serially bonded phosphate groups

Question 21

Which bonds in the ATP molecule have the highest stored energy?

Answer 21

covalent bonds between phosphates- pyrophosphate bond

Question 22

Is the ATP-to-ADP reaction endergonic or exergonic? What determines that?