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LING 201 > fuck me i hate it here > Flashcards

fuck me i hate it here Flashcards

1
Q

at least 1 context/enviro where one sound exists but the other can’t, can never both appear in the same enviro

A

complementary distribution

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2
Q

what’s the english sonority hierarchy from most to least sonorous (4 to 0)

A

vowels > glides > liquids > nasals > obstruents

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3
Q

what r liquids

A

sounds like /l/ and /r/

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4
Q

what r glides

A

sounds w vowel like qualities but arent really vowels, like /w/ and /y/

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5
Q

list of all sounds possible. like literally everything

A

phonetic inventory

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6
Q

list of all sounds possible that HAVE MEANING!

A

phonemic inventory

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7
Q

closed syllable

A

cvc

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8
Q

open syllable

A

cv

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9
Q

EXHAUSTIVE set of sounds w at least 1 common property

A

natural class

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10
Q

when a sound spreads its features to sound right after it

A

assimilation

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11
Q

sounds r produced with _________ in stressed syllables

A

aspiration

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12
Q

phonological constraints on syllable structure that dictate what consonant and vowel combos r allowed

A

phonotactic rule

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13
Q

smallest independent standing, speakable and writeable separable unit in ling

A

word

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14
Q

smallest unit of meaning in language

A

morpheme

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15
Q

list all the types of affixes rn.

A

prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix, simultaneous

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16
Q

each node dominates max 2 nodes in syntactic tree asymm = good

A

binary branching

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17
Q

head = within phrase adn it gives its syntactic category to the phrase and that becomes the phrase head/phrase category

A

endocentricity

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18
Q

constituent category =/- head category which is bullshi

A

exocentricity

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19
Q

root changes completely and they share no phonological properties and the forms r completely distinct. doesnt apply to verbs

A

suppletion

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20
Q

“Suppletion is a form of morphological irregularity whereby a change in a grammatical category triggers a change in word form, with a different (suppletive) root substituting for the normal one (e.g. in the past tense of go, the irregular form went replaces the regular goed).” - universite catholique de louvain

A

suppletive root

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21
Q

ling expression set that have common core meaning but alter in a regular way

A

morphological paradigm

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22
Q

entity that does action is subject

A

active voice

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23
Q

verb acts upon subject, the verb is more of the focus here

A

passive voice

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24
Q

name all distributional noun tests rn.

A
  • follow determiner
  • modified by adj
  • be the subject or the object of a verb
  • be replaced by pronoun
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25
name all morphological noun tests rn
can take plural mark
26
name all distributional verb tests rn.
- can combine w auxiliary verbs like can, will, have, be - follow infinitive marker to - take an object without preposition
27
name all morphological verb tests rn
- third person singular present tense w -s - past tense form usually w -ed - perfect/passive form usually w -ed or -en - progressive form -ing
28
name all distributional adj tests rn
- modify nouns and happen between determiner and noun - modified by very → but many adverbs can also do this - dont allow noun phrase objectives aka if objects are possible, they must be introduced in prepositional phrase
29
name all morphological adj tests rn
- suffixed with -ish - have comparative and superlative forms
30
name all distributional adverb tests rn
- modify verbs, adjective,s other adverbs → anything but nouns - cant appear alone between determiner and noun - can be modified by very but so can adhectives
31
name all morphological adverb tests rn
many end in -ly
32
changes meaning of word, or word category,
derivational
33
syntactic category of base and, sort of, what it means
selectional property
34
pronoun case referring to object, like me us it
accusative
35
pronoun case referring to subject like you he she
nominative
36
possessive pronoun case, like my ours hers
genitive
37
morpheme w no phonetic form, doesnt change the morphology of the word its attaching to
zero morpheme/0 morpheme
38
adj suffix like -er,
comparative
39
how event happens based on reference point that is before, at the same time, or after utterance time, usually independent of time
aspect
40
when event unfolds in relation to now/utterance time
tense
41
morpheme realization changing based on phonological context
phonologically driven morphology
42
morpheme realization changing not based on phonological context, if it doesn't line up phonologically and have a consistent pattern involving similar phonological contexts, it's probably lexically driven
lexically driven
43
vocabulary, complete set of meaningful units, in language
lexicon
44
decides syntactic category of compound
category head** you might wanna look into this
45
decides main meaning of endocentric compound. - heads r always on the right, dont carry the stress in the compound bc they always are stressed on the first member of the compound - left compound doesnt have inflectional affixes aside from past participles → will just be frozen
interpretive head
46
the morphological thing that's always on the right, do't carry stressed syllable, determine inflectional affixation
head
47
dont have interpretive head bec the headed part of the compound determines word syntactic category, JUST NOT THE LITERAL MEANING???? what does this mean bro
exocentric
48
syntactically not governed by what comes first and the noun and pronoun cant just change places whenever bc otherwise it doesnt have the same meaning. ex. amy said tom likes strawberries, but he didn't --> tom and he refers to the same person
coreference
49
grammar can generate only all possible sentences of language using a finite set of rules, all neurotypical kids acquire grammar the same way even with a poverty of stimulus
generative syntax/grammar
50
language is association between form/phonology phonetics and meaning/semantics. semantics and a lil bit of morphology + phonology and phonetics = syntax
T or Y grammar model
51
no matter where a neurotypical kid is born or language htey speak, grammar will be well known at 5 yo but might not match adult grammar completely, despite a poverty of stimulus
learnability problem/plato's problem
52
has rules for grammar of all languages of the world, grammar acquisition is pruning which set of all these grammar rules apply to native language
innate component of grammar
53
expression denoting state/event/activity that can take arguments , it says smth abt the subject, can be - only verb - verb and complement - verb, complement, and modifiers - verbs might need object/subject ,verb phrase might need subject
predicate
54
predicate only w subject
intransitive predicate
55
predicate w subject and object
transitive
56
predicate w subject and 2 objects, one of which might be introduced w a preposition
ditransitive
57
expression that denotes abstract/concrete entities
argument
58
combo of predicate and its arguments
clause
59
clause that is in another clause. clause-ception
* Dependent clauses are embedded in matrix clauses
60
expresses a complete proposition, true or false
sentence
61
simple sentences have ________
single clause
62
complex sentences have _____________
embedded clauses
63
compound sentences have __________
conjoined clauses
64
predicate's argument, expressed w nominative pronouns, precede predicate in english, does the main action in the sentence
subject
65
predicate's argument, expressed w accusative pronouns, follow predicate in english
object
66
single object of transitive verbs, follow verb immediately in declaritive english snetences, receives the main action in the sentence
direct object
67
argument of ditransitive verbs, can be introduced w prepositino, "receives the direct object"
indir obejct
68
constituent organized around 1 essential ele/"leader word"
phrase
69
brain of operations, determines phrase category and what other ele can occur in phrase
syntactic head
70
object that can be taken by head( like nouns, adj, verbs, prepositions), this is [of you all] in 'proud [of you all]'
COMPLEMENT
71
modifies meaning of head, optional
modifier
72
if two words belong to the same constituent, they have a ___________
tight relation
73
kinda unstable, joining 2 constituents of same category and conjunction is usually possible only of same category, works for pps. Example: jane feeds stray dogs at the park -> jane and her cousin feed stray dogs at the park
coordinationn
74
always in expansion , includes neologisms and contentful words like nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, aka you can add new words to these
open class/lexical category
75
rarely if ever describe reality outside grammar, hold syntaxt together, dont accept neologisms that well except for neopronounsn
closed class/functional catgory
76
introduces nouns
DETERMINER
77
'the' is what functional category
definite determiner
78
'a' is what functional category
indefinite determiner
79
'every, some, most, etc' is what functional category
quantifier determiner
80
functional category pro-form replacing nps used w subjects and objects usually
PRONOUN
81
functional category verb that introduces lexical verbs (please look in your notes ibeg idk whats going on )
regular auxiliary
82
functional category verb that dont have person morphology
modal auxiliary
83
intro grammar relations and/or location, and r often transitive
preposition
84
introduce clauses, e.g. 'that', 'whether', are the heads of cps/complementizer phrases
complementizer
85
complementizer phrases aka cps
clause
86
the maximal node is what family member on a syntactic tree
mother
87
the terminal node is what family member on a syntactic tree
daughter
88
predict expressions that arent possible
overgeneralize
89
do not predict some expressions that r possible
undergeneralize
90
generative grammar is ______________
descriptive
91
inflectional affixes are always _________ in english, but not all inflectional morphology in english is _______.
suffixal, affixal

LING 201 (2 decks)

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