fuck Flashcards by Caitlyn Kirwan

Q

Elasmobranch Radiations

A

Cladoselachimorpha, Eusellachiians: Hybodonts and Modern Elasmobranchs

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Q

Cladoselachimorpha

A

Three cusped teeth, notocord as only bodily support, broad based fins, inflexible mouth, homocercal tail

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Q

Hybodonts

A

Hump backed teeth, heterocercal tail, some neural and hemal spines, more flexible cartilagenous fins

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Q

Modern Elasmobranchs

A

Calcified vertebra, ceratotricha, protrusible jaw, spiral valve intestine, claspers, ventral mouth

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Q

Chondrosteii

A

Analogous to sharks, cartilagenous skeleton, heterocercal tail, spiral valve intestine, heavy ganoid scales amphistylic suspension

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Q

Neopterygii

A

Chondrosteii / Teleostei intermediate

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Q

Chondrichthys

A

Cartilagenous fish, including Elasmobranchs

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Q

Teleostei

A

Bone reductions, flexion, light weight scales, manoeuvrable spines, jaw protrusion, fin positional changes

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Q

Branchiostegal rays

A

Rays that assist with two pump respiration in Actinopterygiians

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Q

Inertial suction

A

Elevate mouth roof, push out sides, drop mouth floor, open operculum, expand from mouth to operculum, lower mandible, protrude premaxilla

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Q

Cardiform

A

Sand paper like generalist teeth

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Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Fleshy, boney fins, w a humerus and pterygiophores, diphycercal tail, autostylic jaw, modified swim bladder

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Q

Changes in tetrapods

A

Limb, Lungs, Musculoskeletal, Neck, Sensory, Digits, Ribs, Pelvic fusion, Gills, Hands forewards, stapes, wrist bones

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Q

Amphibians

A

Two life stages, water reliant, reduced, unossified skull bones, broad flat head, rib loss, typanic membrane and stapes, positive pressure breathing, three chambered heart

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Q

Amniote Egg

A

Chorion, Allantois, Amnion, Yolk Sac, Shell, Placenta

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Q

Chorion

A

Thin vascularised layer with entry for oxygen, and exit for CO2

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Q

Allantois

A

Directs gas and stores wastes

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Q

Amnion

A

Fluid, embryo floats in

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Q

Yolk sac

A

Delivers nutrients

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Q

Placenta

A

Can form from the allantois, or yolk sac and chorion

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Q

Shell

A

Protective, allowing gaseous transfer

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Q

Tuatara

A

Parietal ommatidium-like eye, cloaca, 2 hemipenes, dinosaur like ribs (gastralia)

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Q

Mammalian jaw changes

A

Dentary orbital vs articular quadrate, articular became malleus, quadrate incus, and angular tympanic bone

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Q

Mammal changes

A

Upright stance, stronger bite and jaw, secondary palate, occluding heterodont teeth, endothermy, diaphragm, mammary and skin glands, fur, inner ear bones

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Choanoflagellates

Signalling and adhesion genes, probbaly formed temporary colonies

Placozoans

Early multicellulites, bag of cells

Porifera

Silica, calcite or protein skeleton, choanocytes, bernoulli

Cnidaria

Radial symmetry, polymorphic, basal lamina endoderm, mesoglea, nematocysts, gastric cavity and partial extracellular digestion, cellular muscular contraction in bell or hydrostatic in polyp

Scyphozoa

Medusa dominant, planula larva, strobilisation

Cubozoa

Tetrahedral, super venomous, directional swimmers

Hydrozoa

Colonial, can be sessile or mobile, zooids, polyp dominant, perisarc tube, hydrotheca cap

Siphonophora and chondrophora

free drifting hydroid colonies w flotation zooids

Anthozoa

Polyp only, with siphonoglypths, many produce hard skeletons

hexacoralia

stony coral and anemones

Octacoralli

Soft and horny corals

Bryozoa

Colonial bilateral in calcite boxes, ovicells for brooding, lophophore feeding, avicularia defence zooids

Echinoderm

pentamerous, water vasc, ossicles, catch tissue

Crinoidea

Mucus on tube feet, stalks or cirri, no ampullae, ambulacral grooves, arms w pinules

Aphiuroidea

Sticky tube feet, jointed ossicles in arms for moving,

Asteroidea

evert stomach to feed, no anus, sucker tube feet, ampullae

Echinoidea

herbivores, fused ossicle shell, ossicle spines, tube feet w suckers grab food

Holothuroidea

REduced spiracles, secondarily bilateral, extended tube feet

Swimmers

Nematodes, annelids

Burrowers

Nemertea, Annelida

Crawlers

Platyhelminthes, annelida, molluscs

Organs in large worms

NErves, gonads, circulatory system, excretion

Nematoda

Pseudocoel, pparenchyma, preotective cuticle, muscular pharynxc, complete digestive system

Platyhelminthes

Gut, msucles, parenchyma, cilia or tegument, incomplete digestive system (mouth, pharynx, gut), nephridia

Annelida

Coelom w septa, segmentation, secretory organs, 2 segment head, parapodia and setae

Parasitic nematodes

Bigger, more reproductive stuff, inc mouth diversity, male bursa

Parasitic platyheminthes

Tegument, loss of cephalisation, loss of well developed nervous and gastrovascular system, , loss of locomotion and photoreceptors

Ancestral mollusc

muscular foot for rocks, radula, lateral mantle cavities and segmented ctenidia, style and digestive gland, dorsal blood vessel and gonads, protective shell

Monoplacophora

Unsegmented shell, muscular foot, radula, style, but verging on segmented nerves n ctenidia n muscles n kidneys n shit

Polyplacophora

secondary sell segmentation for better attachment, paired ctenidia (many), pseudostyle, paired nerve cord (ventral) and pedal nerves

Gastropoda

1-2 ctenidia in cavity, lost in terrestrials, torson and coiling,

Scaphopoda

muscular foot for digging, gills in shell,

Bivalvia

legit style, ctenidia big also for filter feeding, no real head, adductor muscle and tendon holdin shell together, muscular foot for digging sometimes,

Labrum

Protective fold over labium, mandible and maxilla

Biramous

endo and exopod in crustacea

Tetrapod skull

eye and ear position and protection, brain protection, food processing, respiratory passage

Chondrocranium

Begins as cartilage, brain case _ sensory organ capsules

SPlanchnocranium

from gill arches, contributes to jaws and supports gills

Dermatocranium

dermal bones that overlie, derived from external armour of primitive fish, often lost, inc face, palates, mandible and upper jaw

Limbs moved under the body

Less muscle for same weight, efficient faster movement,

Primates

Opposable thumbs, foreward facing eyes, large brain, reduced smell, closed orbit, nails not claws, upright posture

Brachiation

Long forelimbs, broad thorax, no tail, short elbow and lumbar region, rounded shoulder joint

Odontophore

Cartilage which pushes out the radula

Mollusc shell

Nacre, Prismatic layer, Periostracum

Periostracum

protein

Prismatic layer

Calcite in protein

Nacre

Aragonite

Merostomata

no antennae, compound and simple eyes, book gills, telson, pedipalp and 3 pairs of leg gnathobases

Pycnogonida

Pccular tuburcle, ovigers, reduced abdomen, proboscis

Chelicerates

No antennae, typucally 8 legs, chelicerae and pedipalps, opisthoma and prosoma

Arachnids

Gnathobases on pedipalps, 8 legs, prosoma and opisthosoma, book lungs, often spiracles and trachea also

Scorpionida

Small chelicerae with gnathobases, large chelate pedipalps, telson stinger, median and lateral eyes

Araneae

Chelicerae are venemous fangs, pedipalps front appendages, larger, sensory and reproductive, spinnerets, back or inward pointing fangs

Acari

Fused prosoma and opisthosoma, chelicerae are piercing or chelate, small sensory pedipalps, expandable guts

Malacostraca

6 abdominal segments, 13 cephalothorax (5 head, 8 thorax) covered by carapace, , telson w uropod,

Crustacea leg structure

From the second maxilliped through the walking legs, a gill, then protopod (coxa and basis), endo and exopod, second maxilla has gill bailer

Crustaceae legs

Five walking legs, inc major cheliped and minor cheliped, then 3-5 swimmerets

Crustaceae mouthparts

Two antennae, mandible, two maxilla, three maxillipeds.

Insect leg structure

Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus

Insect flight

Direct and inderect down, just indirect up

Pneumatophores

floatation zooids in some hydrazoans

Aciculum

Fused rod at the base of setae, supporting the parapodia, where muscles attach

Trophosome

Section in siboglinids which has the symbiotic digestive bacteria

Spermatophores

Packets of sperm used for reproduction in worms

cercus

arthropod abdominal appendage

tymbal

structure that buckles to produce sound

tympanum

like the resonator, or ear drum, below the tymbal

thecostera

crustacean group, including barnacles

lateral giant

big ol crustacean nerve w medial giant

Urochordata

tunicates

Cephalochordata

lancelets, sessile w head out

Pteromyzodonia

Lampreys

ammocoete

lamprey larva

uroneural

tail support after flexion

pterygiophores

radials

mauthner cells

long axons in fish for one side contraction, startle response, bypass spinal nerve pathway