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Structure and Function > fuck > Flashcards

fuck Flashcards

1
Q

Elasmobranch Radiations

A

Cladoselachimorpha, Eusellachiians: Hybodonts and Modern Elasmobranchs

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2
Q

Cladoselachimorpha

A

Three cusped teeth, notocord as only bodily support, broad based fins, inflexible mouth, homocercal tail

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3
Q

Hybodonts

A

Hump backed teeth, heterocercal tail, some neural and hemal spines, more flexible cartilagenous fins

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4
Q

Modern Elasmobranchs

A

Calcified vertebra, ceratotricha, protrusible jaw, spiral valve intestine, claspers, ventral mouth

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5
Q

Chondrosteii

A

Analogous to sharks, cartilagenous skeleton, heterocercal tail, spiral valve intestine, heavy ganoid scales amphistylic suspension

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6
Q

Neopterygii

A

Chondrosteii / Teleostei intermediate

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7
Q

Chondrichthys

A

Cartilagenous fish, including Elasmobranchs

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8
Q

Teleostei

A

Bone reductions, flexion, light weight scales, manoeuvrable spines, jaw protrusion, fin positional changes

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9
Q

Branchiostegal rays

A

Rays that assist with two pump respiration in Actinopterygiians

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10
Q

Inertial suction

A

Elevate mouth roof, push out sides, drop mouth floor, open operculum, expand from mouth to operculum, lower mandible, protrude premaxilla

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11
Q

Cardiform

A

Sand paper like generalist teeth

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12
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Fleshy, boney fins, w a humerus and pterygiophores, diphycercal tail, autostylic jaw, modified swim bladder

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13
Q

Changes in tetrapods

A

Limb, Lungs, Musculoskeletal, Neck, Sensory, Digits, Ribs, Pelvic fusion, Gills, Hands forewards, stapes, wrist bones

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14
Q

Amphibians

A

Two life stages, water reliant, reduced, unossified skull bones, broad flat head, rib loss, typanic membrane and stapes, positive pressure breathing, three chambered heart

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15
Q

Amniote Egg

A

Chorion, Allantois, Amnion, Yolk Sac, Shell, Placenta

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16
Q

Chorion

A

Thin vascularised layer with entry for oxygen, and exit for CO2

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17
Q

Allantois

A

Directs gas and stores wastes

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18
Q

Amnion

A

Fluid, embryo floats in

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19
Q

Yolk sac

A

Delivers nutrients

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20
Q

Placenta

A

Can form from the allantois, or yolk sac and chorion

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21
Q

Shell

A

Protective, allowing gaseous transfer

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22
Q

Tuatara

A

Parietal ommatidium-like eye, cloaca, 2 hemipenes, dinosaur like ribs (gastralia)

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23
Q

Mammalian jaw changes

A

Dentary orbital vs articular quadrate, articular became malleus, quadrate incus, and angular tympanic bone

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24
Q

Mammal changes

A

Upright stance, stronger bite and jaw, secondary palate, occluding heterodont teeth, endothermy, diaphragm, mammary and skin glands, fur, inner ear bones

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25
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Signalling and adhesion genes, probbaly formed temporary colonies

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26
Q

Placozoans

A

Early multicellulites, bag of cells

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27
Q

Porifera

A

Silica, calcite or protein skeleton, choanocytes, bernoulli

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28
Q

Cnidaria

A

Radial symmetry, polymorphic, basal lamina endoderm, mesoglea, nematocysts, gastric cavity and partial extracellular digestion, cellular muscular contraction in bell or hydrostatic in polyp

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29
Q

Scyphozoa

A

Medusa dominant, planula larva, strobilisation

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30
Q

Cubozoa

A

Tetrahedral, super venomous, directional swimmers

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31
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Colonial, can be sessile or mobile, zooids, polyp dominant, perisarc tube, hydrotheca cap

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32
Q

Siphonophora and chondrophora

A

free drifting hydroid colonies w flotation zooids

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33
Q

Anthozoa

A

Polyp only, with siphonoglypths, many produce hard skeletons

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34
Q

hexacoralia

A

stony coral and anemones

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35
Q

Octacoralli

A

Soft and horny corals

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36
Q

Bryozoa

A

Colonial bilateral in calcite boxes, ovicells for brooding, lophophore feeding, avicularia defence zooids

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37
Q

Echinoderm

A

pentamerous, water vasc, ossicles, catch tissue

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38
Q

Crinoidea

A

Mucus on tube feet, stalks or cirri, no ampullae, ambulacral grooves, arms w pinules

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39
Q

Aphiuroidea

A

Sticky tube feet, jointed ossicles in arms for moving,

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40
Q

Asteroidea

A

evert stomach to feed, no anus, sucker tube feet, ampullae

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41
Q

Echinoidea

A

herbivores, fused ossicle shell, ossicle spines, tube feet w suckers grab food

42
Q

Holothuroidea

A

REduced spiracles, secondarily bilateral, extended tube feet

43
Q

Swimmers

A

Nematodes, annelids

44
Q

Burrowers

A

Nemertea, Annelida

45
Q

Crawlers

A

Platyhelminthes, annelida, molluscs

46
Q

Organs in large worms

A

NErves, gonads, circulatory system, excretion

47
Q

Nematoda

A

Pseudocoel, pparenchyma, preotective cuticle, muscular pharynxc, complete digestive system

48
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Gut, msucles, parenchyma, cilia or tegument, incomplete digestive system (mouth, pharynx, gut), nephridia

49
Q

Annelida

A

Coelom w septa, segmentation, secretory organs, 2 segment head, parapodia and setae

50
Q

Parasitic nematodes

A

Bigger, more reproductive stuff, inc mouth diversity, male bursa

51
Q

Parasitic platyheminthes

A

Tegument, loss of cephalisation, loss of well developed nervous and gastrovascular system, , loss of locomotion and photoreceptors

52
Q

Ancestral mollusc

A

muscular foot for rocks, radula, lateral mantle cavities and segmented ctenidia, style and digestive gland, dorsal blood vessel and gonads, protective shell

53
Q

Monoplacophora

A

Unsegmented shell, muscular foot, radula, style, but verging on segmented nerves n ctenidia n muscles n kidneys n shit

54
Q

Polyplacophora

A

secondary sell segmentation for better attachment, paired ctenidia (many), pseudostyle, paired nerve cord (ventral) and pedal nerves

55
Q

Gastropoda

A

1-2 ctenidia in cavity, lost in terrestrials, torson and coiling,

56
Q

Scaphopoda

A

muscular foot for digging, gills in shell,

57
Q

Bivalvia

A

legit style, ctenidia big also for filter feeding, no real head, adductor muscle and tendon holdin shell together, muscular foot for digging sometimes,

58
Q

Labrum

A

Protective fold over labium, mandible and maxilla

59
Q

Biramous

A

endo and exopod in crustacea

60
Q

Tetrapod skull

A

eye and ear position and protection, brain protection, food processing, respiratory passage

61
Q

Chondrocranium

A

Begins as cartilage, brain case _ sensory organ capsules

62
Q

SPlanchnocranium

A

from gill arches, contributes to jaws and supports gills

63
Q

Dermatocranium

A

dermal bones that overlie, derived from external armour of primitive fish, often lost, inc face, palates, mandible and upper jaw

64
Q

Limbs moved under the body

A

Less muscle for same weight, efficient faster movement,

65
Q

Primates

A

Opposable thumbs, foreward facing eyes, large brain, reduced smell, closed orbit, nails not claws, upright posture

66
Q

Brachiation

A

Long forelimbs, broad thorax, no tail, short elbow and lumbar region, rounded shoulder joint

67
Q

Odontophore

A

Cartilage which pushes out the radula

68
Q

Mollusc shell

A

Nacre, Prismatic layer, Periostracum

69
Q

Periostracum

A

protein

70
Q

Prismatic layer

A

Calcite in protein

71
Q

Nacre

A

Aragonite

72
Q

Merostomata

A

no antennae, compound and simple eyes, book gills, telson, pedipalp and 3 pairs of leg gnathobases

73
Q

Pycnogonida

A

Pccular tuburcle, ovigers, reduced abdomen, proboscis

74
Q

Chelicerates

A

No antennae, typucally 8 legs, chelicerae and pedipalps, opisthoma and prosoma

75
Q

Arachnids

A

Gnathobases on pedipalps, 8 legs, prosoma and opisthosoma, book lungs, often spiracles and trachea also

76
Q

Scorpionida

A

Small chelicerae with gnathobases, large chelate pedipalps, telson stinger, median and lateral eyes

77
Q

Araneae

A

Chelicerae are venemous fangs, pedipalps front appendages, larger, sensory and reproductive, spinnerets, back or inward pointing fangs

78
Q

Acari

A

Fused prosoma and opisthosoma, chelicerae are piercing or chelate, small sensory pedipalps, expandable guts

79
Q

Malacostraca

A

6 abdominal segments, 13 cephalothorax (5 head, 8 thorax) covered by carapace, , telson w uropod,

80
Q

Crustacea leg structure

A

From the second maxilliped through the walking legs, a gill, then protopod (coxa and basis), endo and exopod, second maxilla has gill bailer

81
Q

Crustaceae legs

A

Five walking legs, inc major cheliped and minor cheliped, then 3-5 swimmerets

82
Q

Crustaceae mouthparts

A

Two antennae, mandible, two maxilla, three maxillipeds.

83
Q

Insect leg structure

A

Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus

84
Q

Insect flight

A

Direct and inderect down, just indirect up

85
Q

Pneumatophores

A

floatation zooids in some hydrazoans

86
Q

Aciculum

A

Fused rod at the base of setae, supporting the parapodia, where muscles attach

87
Q

Trophosome

A

Section in siboglinids which has the symbiotic digestive bacteria

88
Q

Spermatophores

A

Packets of sperm used for reproduction in worms

89
Q

cercus

A

arthropod abdominal appendage

90
Q

tymbal

A

structure that buckles to produce sound

91
Q

tympanum

A

like the resonator, or ear drum, below the tymbal

92
Q

thecostera

A

crustacean group, including barnacles

93
Q

lateral giant

A

big ol crustacean nerve w medial giant

94
Q

Urochordata

A

tunicates

95
Q

Cephalochordata

A

lancelets, sessile w head out

96
Q

Pteromyzodonia

A

Lampreys

97
Q

ammocoete

A

lamprey larva

98
Q

uroneural

A

tail support after flexion

99
Q

pterygiophores

A

radials

100
Q

mauthner cells

A

long axons in fish for one side contraction, startle response, bypass spinal nerve pathway

Structure and Function (1 decks)

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