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Bio 226 final > fuck > Flashcards

fuck Flashcards

1
Q

Dominant pea plant traits: (7)

A

Round grey seeds, yellow cotyledons, violet flowers, full green pods, axial flowers and pods, tall.

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2
Q

sgr:

A

Stay-green gene. Delays chlorophyll catabolism, making green cotyledons.

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3
Q

Particulate theory of inheritance:

A

Inheritance is like puzzle pieces, not like cream in coffee.

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4
Q

X2 formula:

A

(O-E)^2 / E

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5
Q

Obstacles to human genetic analysis:

A

Lots of genes, uncontrolled environment, small families, incomplete family records

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6
Q

Incomplete dominance (semi):

A

Red and white makes pink flower.

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7
Q

Codominance:

A

Red and white makes red and white flower. Speckly chickens.

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8
Q

Blood type garbage:

A

A has B-antibodies and A-antigens.

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9
Q

The molecules that determine blood type:

A

Everyone has a base of fucose, galactose, and N acetyl-glucosamine.
A has N acetyl-galactosamine.
B has extra galactose.

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10
Q

Complementation testing:

A

If crossing two mutants gives mutant phenotype, the mutations are on the same gene. If crossing two mutants gives wild type phenotype, they are on different genes.
(Fly eyeballs.)

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11
Q

How blood type is determined during development:

A

ABO glycosyltransferase attaches the extra bits when RBCs come through the Golgi.

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12
Q

Pleiotropy:

A

One gene affects many characteristics.

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13
Q

Shits gene:

A

Recycles ntransmitters. Place in different neurons; easy to knock out with heat, so ntransmitters run out and the neuron is silenced.

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14
Q

Incomplete penetrance:

A

Genotype doesn’t always show the expected phenotype.

Polydactyly.

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15
Q

Variable expressivity:

A

Same genotypes show a gradient of phenotypes.

Skin condition ranging from hyperpigmentation to bumps.

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16
Q

9:3:3:1

A

reg ole Mendelian dihybrid

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17
Q

15:1

A

Pseudoalleles - just need one capital letter.

Aabb = aaBb.

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18
Q

9:7

A

Double recessive epistasis - need both dom to be wild type, AABB.

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19
Q

9:3:4

A

Recessive epistasis.

White eye, dog coat.

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20
Q

12:3:1

A

Dominant epistasis - hetero dom A covers rec B. Only homo rec A is different (3:1).

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21
Q

13:3

A

Extreme dominant epistasis - A is only expressed when B is absent. Only homo rec B is different (3).

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22
Q

Sex determination in drosophila:

A 
1X:2A = male.
2X:2A = female.

If the ratio is equal to or greater than 1, female (probably unless 0.75 or 0.63, intersex).

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23
Q

Human pseudoautosomal genes:

A

Located on both X and Y chromosomes.

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24
Q

Sex determination in bees:

A

Haplo-diplo system - (unfertilized) haploid offspring are male, (fertilized) diploid offspring are female.

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25
X-dosage compensation:
Mammal females shut off one X (tortoiseshell kitty). Drosphila males overexpress single X.
26
Making a karyotype:
Culture to divide, disable mitotic spindles, swell, squash, dye.
27
Karyotyping dyes:
Quinacrine and Giemsa create banding patterns to ID specific chromosomes.
28
Endomitosis:
Chromosome replication and separation of sister chromatids without cell division. Produces polyploids/megakaryocytes.
29
Polyploid vs polytene:
Megakaryocytes have many copies of chromosomes. | Sister chromatids do not separate in polytenes. (Fly salivary glands.)
30
Autopolyploids:
Created by chromosome duplication within a species. | Bananas.
31
Allopolyploids:
Created by hybridization between different species. | Those triangle-shaped leaf dudes.
32
Aneuploid mosaics:
Arise from chromosome loss or nondisjunction. | Fly gynandromorphs.
33
Down's syndrome and mother's age:
Eggs being arrested in meiosis 1 means easier nondisjunction.
34
Coupling vs repulsion heterozygotes:
Coupling have both doms on one chromosome and both recs on the other. Repulsions have one of each.
35
Crossover occurs in which part of meiosis?
Prophase I.
36
Define: syntenic
Occurring on the same chromosome.
37
Special characteristics of ascomycete fungi:
Have mitotic and meiotic cycles. Environmental stress induces meiosis. (Neurospora, sordaria)
38
Hitchhiking selection:
Genes that are physically close to advantageous genes tag along when the advantageous gene is selected for.
39
Recombination is awesome for evolution.
Good genes are easier to select for and bad genes are easier to get rid of (crossovers in bad genes are nonfunctional).
40
Characteristics of genome:
Carry information, transmissible and heritable, replicable; changeable.
41
DNA pmase needs:
Primer with 3'-OH. Template. dNTPs. ATP. Mg2+.
42
In circular genomes, where does strand separation take place?
Between 13bp major groove (not 9bp minor groove).
43
210, prok vs euk: site of protein synthesis, beginning transcription, ribosome size, operons, start codon, termination
Site of protein synthesis: euk on RER, prok on cell membrane. Beginning transcription: euk with start codon, prok with binding sequence. Ribosome size: euk 80 (40/60) (5.8, 18, 28), prok 70 (30/50) (5, 16, 23). Operons: euk nope, prok yes. Start codon: euk Met, prok fMet. Termination: euk bullshit, prok release factor.
44
What determines codon specificity?
The tRNA, not its AA.
45
Mutation suppressor tRNAs:
Sometimes a tRNA will see a stop codon and just zoom through it.
46
Elongation factors and their roles:
EF-Tu loads new tRNAs. EF-G takes off used tRNAs.
47
Where is rRNA made?
Nucleolus. Different subunits hang out in arrays in nucleolar organizer regions of chromosomes.
48
(In euk) theory for why transcription and translation occur in different compartments:
Mitochondria releases byproducts that are toxic to DNA.
49
Some ridiculous genome sizes:
Protopterus aethiopicus, marbled lungfish: 133 B Paris jopinica, lily: 150 B Polychaos dubium, amoeba: 670 B
50
End-timer termination codon:
Upstream of the stop codon. The info between termination and stop calls for assisted suicide.
51
Define: consensus
Recognition sites for beginning of transcription.
52
Order of transcription factors attaching:
D A B F E. | F unwinds.
53
Let's talk about triphosphate bridges.
Used to attach 7-mg cap. Enzymes needed: RNA triphosphatase, mRNA guanylyltransferase (attaches G), mRNA (g-N7)- methyltransferase (attaches methyl). Uses GTP for energy.
54
Tetrahymena:
Has self-splicing introns. Dangerous system - if you mess up you're screwed there's no backup and the intron will get stuck. Uses guanosine as a cofactor. Excised introns circularize.
55
Intron donor/acceptors:
Splicing donor at the beginning, acceptor at the end.
56
Spliceosome assembly:
U1 at first splice site. U2 at branch site. U5 at second splice site. U4/U6 also attach. First site is cleaved. U1 and U4 run away. Lariat is formed. Second splice site is cleaved. Exons are attached.
57
Dystrophin gene:
50% myosin, 20% actin.
58
IgM alternative splicing:
Heavy chain is alternatively spliced. Plasma cells produce secreted form into bloodstream. B cells produce membrane-bound form.
59
Spinal muscular dystrophy:
SMN1 is good. Needs spliceosome and axon mRNA transport. Probably helps make neuromuscular junctions at axon ends. SMN2 is different by one ntide. SMN2 has 25% of that function.
60
mRNA transport (SMN complex):
Postal code lives in 3' end. mRNAs are released when they get to their destination and someone recognizes their stamp.
61
Diff types of ApoB:
Liver: ApoB 100. Intestine: ApoB 48. Deaminase changes a codon to a stop codon to make ApoB 48 shorter.
62
Constitutive vs facultative genes:
Constitutive is always expressed. Facultative turns off/on depending on environment.
63
Lac genes: Z, Y, I
Z breaks down lactose. Y brings lactose into the cell. I encodes a diffusible repressor, allolactose. (I- is constitutive.) O is cis-regulatory. (O- is constitutive.) (Activity depends on dosage.)
64
E coli, AC, glucose, all that.
Glucose inactivates AC. cAMP is a very good second messenger because it doesn't exist in systems normally. CAP can transcribe faster with cAMP around.
65
Heatshock factors:
Normally bound up by heatshock proteins. At high temperatures, HSF gets (P)ated and forms trimers.
66
Factors that affect mRNA stability:
The polyA tail, 3’UTR, chemical factors (hormones etc), siRNAs/miRNAs

Bio 226 final (1 decks)

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