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FTM > FTM 1 Week 1 > Flashcards

FTM 1 Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major classes of membrane lipids?

A

phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids

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2
Q

What are the 2 major classes of membrane proteins?

A

Integral membrane and peripheral membrane

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3
Q

What is the most abundant membrane lipid

A

phospholipids

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4
Q

Where is cholesterol located in membrane lipids and what does it do

A

intercalates between phospholipids and affects membrane fluidity in temperature dependent manner

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5
Q

What anchors integral membrane proteins

A

alpha helix, lipid chain, oligosaccharide linker

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6
Q

What kind of bond does peripheral membrane proteins use

A

noncovalent

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7
Q

What are the integral membrane proteins?

A 
Pumps/carriers and transporters
Channels (aquaporins and gap junctions)
Receptors
Linkers
Enzymes
Structural proteins
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8
Q

What is the glycocalyx composed of and what does it do?

A

Composed of: carbohydrate rich zone on cell surface (glycolipids, glycoproteins and proteoglycans)
Helps establish microenvironment at cell surface

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9
Q

What is it called when a substance exits the cell by fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

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10
Q

What is it called when substance enters the cell by a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. Receptor mediated
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Phagocytosis
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12
Q

What types of endocytosis are clathrin dependent

A

Clathrin dependent= receptor mediated

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13
Q

What types of endocytosis are Clathrin Independent

A

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

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14
Q

What type of endocytosis is actin dependent

A

phagocytosis

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15
Q

What are the examples of receptor recycled ligand degraded receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • low density lipoprotein receptor
  • insulin glucose transporter receptor
  • other peptide hormones and their receptors
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16
Q

What are the examples of receptor and ligand recycled receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • iron, transferrin and transferrin receptor

- major histocompatibility complex I and II

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17
Q

What are the examples of receptor ligand degraded receptor mediated endocytosis

A

-epidermal growth factor and receptor

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18
Q

What are the examples of receptor and ligand transcytosis receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • secretion of immunoglobulin (secretory IgA) into saliva

- secretion of maternal IgG into milk

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19
Q

What are membrane enclosed structure associated with the endocytotic pathway

A

endosomes

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20
Q

What matures into the lysosome

A

late endosomes

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21
Q

What is an example of lysosomal storage disease

A

Tay Sachs Disease

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22
Q

What is the deficiency in Tay Sachs and what does it result in

A

Deficiency of HEXA

Results in the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside

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23
Q

What are the 5 lysosomal storage diseases

A 
Hurler syndrome (MPS1)
Pompe
Tay-Sachs
Gaucher
I-cell disease
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24
Q

What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Hurler syndrome (MPS1)

A

Faulty enzyme = alpha-L-iduronidase
Accumulating product = dermatan sulphate
Main organ = skeleton and nervous system

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25
Q

What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Pompe

A

Faulty enzyme = alpha-1,4-Glucosidase
Accumulating product = Glycogen
Main organ = skeleton and nervous system

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26
Q

What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Tay-Sachs

A

Faulty enzyme = B-hexosaminidase
Accumulating product = GM2 ganglioside
Main organ = Nervous system

27
Q

What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with Gaucher

A

Faulty enzyme = Glucocerebrosidase
Accumulating product = glucosylceramide
Main organ = Liver and spleen

28
Q

What is the faulty enzyme, accumulating product and main organ affected with I-Cell disease

A

Faulty enzyme = Phosphotransferase of M6P formation
Accumulating product = Lysosomal hydrolyses are absent
Main organ = Skeletal and nervous system

29
Q

What are the pathways to lysosomal digestion

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Autophagy
30
Q

What lysosomal digestion pathway has a clinical correlation to essential role in starvation, cellular differentiation, cell death and cell aging

A

Autophagy

31
Q

What structure of a cell has lamin A mutation in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome and other laminopathies

A

nuclear lamina

32
Q

What structure in a cell allows transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Pore complex (NPC)

33
Q

What is the site for ribosome production

A

nucleolus

34
Q

What is less condensed chromatin, more transcriptionally active and light staining

A

euchromatin

35
Q

What is dense staining, highly condensed chromatin and less transcriptionally active

A

heterochromatin

36
Q

What is the fundamental structural unit of chromatin

A

nucleosome

37
Q

What has centric heterochromatin, persists throughout interphase, constricted region that holds sister chromatids together and also the site of kinetochore formation

A

centromere

38
Q

What is at the end of chromosomes, repeated sequences that allow the ends of the chromosome to be replicated

A

telomere

39
Q

What has telomerase enzyme and cancer and aging

A

telomere

40
Q

What is the location where DNA replication begins

A

replication origin

41
Q

What has functions in synthesis of lipids and detoxification

A

Smooth ER

42
Q

What has functions in synthesis of proteins destined for plasma membrane and lysosomes or secretion

A

rough ER

43
Q

What is the abundant cells specialized in protein synthesis, secretory cells producing proteins for extracellular export

A

RER

44
Q

What has initial post translational modifications and folding sites

A

RER

45
Q

What has ER stress and unfolded protein response in clinical correlation

A

RER

46
Q

What has abundant cells specialized in lipid metabolism

A

smooth ER

47
Q

What has well developed in cells that synthesize and secrete steroids

A

SER

48
Q

What plays a major role in detoxification (cytochrome P450)

A

SER

49
Q

What functions to sequester calcium

A

SER

50
Q

In the golgi apparatus what type of secretory cells secrete digestive enzymes

A

pancreatic acinar cells

51
Q

In the golgi apparatus what type of secretory cells secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

52
Q

What are the two mediated bidirectional traffic between the ER and the golgi

A

COP-I and COP-II

53
Q

What is retrograde transport from CGN back to rER

A

COP-I

54
Q

What is anterograde transport, carry newly synthesized proteins from rER to CGN

A

COP-II

55
Q

What are the functions of golgi

A
  1. post translational modification
  2. Sorting
  3. packaging
56
Q

What are the post translational modification substances in the golgi

A
  1. glycosylation
  2. sulfation
  3. phosphorylation
  4. proteolysis
57
Q

What are the types of vesicular trafficking

A
  1. Constitutive secretory pathway
  2. regulated secretory pathway
  3. lysosomal pathway
58
Q

What are the digestive organelles that function in the controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules

A

lysosomes

59
Q

What has 2 membranes and 2 compartments, primary function is to generate ATP (TCA, Ox phos, B-oxidation)

A

mitochondria

60
Q

What are the mitochondrial diseases

A

MERRF and leber hereditary optic neuropathy

61
Q

What plays an important role in fat metabolism, abundant class of phospholipids in myelin, free ribosomes.

A

Peroxisomes

62
Q

What is an example of peroxisomal disease

A

Zellweger syndrome

63
Q

What is specialized to compartmentalize and degrade toxic reactive oxygen molecules, contains catalase and others, detoxification of ingested alcohol

A

peroxisomes

FTM (1 decks)

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