FS exam 2 Flashcards
Calcium functions p26
structure to bone and teeth; soluble: blood clot, muscle contract, nerve transmit, some enzyme func
what are some calcium deficiency?
heart stop beat, blood no clot, nerve no work, 骨头有问题
where is calcium stored?
bone
deficiency in children?
no growth, poor bones and teeth, malformed bones (rickets)
how is calcium deficiency related to lead?
lead stored in bones, calcium too low= Ca extracted from bones= no bone to store lead= lead too much in blood
what is Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is affected by? p26 who does it affect?
holes in bones related to calcium. strong genetic, age and hormonal components; women past menopause and elderly (major cause of broken bones)
what causes Osteoporosis?
由于genetic, 当 sex hormone 减少，calcium metabolism 改变, 难absorb。
why does Osteoporosis affect women mostly?
female 比 male 早过 menopause, 比较早停止制作hormone。而且女生活的比较久，男的在还没这个病前就挂了。
what are some medical development for Osteoporosis? how to counter Osteoporosis physicaly?
medications tt slow loss of Ca, reverse loss; weight bearing exercise increase bone mass and Ca accumulation
phosphorous func? p27
buffer to maintain pH, Metabolism of protein, lipid and CHO,Component of ATP, DNA and RNA
how does phosphorous and Ca work together?
one high, another cant absorb; they compete
where is Mg found?
bones
Mg func?
essential for enzyme tt react with ATP (for energy)
why is it not preferable that enzymes use Ca for Mg?
diff minerals activate diff enzymes; control mineral locations = control enzyme activity
Mg deficiencies?
Failure to grow followed by weakness; Irritability; Irregular heartbeat; Heart and kidney damage; Seizures (tetany, an extreme and prolonged contraction of muscles)
who would most likely have Mg deficiencies? why?
alcoholics/people with kidney disease/ppl who lose fluid, cuz kidney manage mineral concen
how does cell maintain fluid?
Na high=outside, K high=inside; Na pumped out and K in so that cell has a diff to measure
the fluids outside and inside a cell are made up of what?
outside: sodium and chloride; inside: potassium and phosphate
what is Na’s func? p31
regulate body water; main extracellular cation (+), nerve and muscle func
does Na cause blood pressure?
not definite; 10% respond to decrease, no K and Ca also cause; 90% ppl increase Ca more effectively than reducing Na. salt-sensitive: 会有高血压和心脏病几率
what are the factors of high blood pressure? p31
Obesity, Genetics, Inadequate intakes of K, Ca & Mg, Exercise, Relaxation, Moderation in alcohol consumption
potassium functions?
main intracellular cation, important in nerve and muscle func
what could cause K loss?
vomiting, diarrhea, too much sweating
why should people watch out while taking diuretics that function by causing potassium to be secreted from the body?
eat too much Na and not enough K not ok
Cl function?
main extracellular anion (-), make up HCl (digestion), loss Cl = lose Na
what can cause iron deficiency anemia?
diarrhea, peptic ulcers 胃溃疡 and excessive blood loss during menstruation
how does body maintain iron in body?
Fe no secrete from healthy kidney; many ways to limit: 其中一个是 a protein limit transferrin to bind more。如果 iron level 正常，身体反而会absorb less
how can Fe be stored? where? how is it transported?
to be stored, have to attach to protein; store in liver attached to Ferritin; transferrin
what happens when there is too much Fe in ferritin?
ferritin will be converted to hemosiderin and precipitate, which cause liver damage
what happens when transferrin is saturated with iron?
iron usually is absorbed into cells that line intestine. but then it won’t be absorbed, and will be lost when the cells are replaced
Hemochromatosis is? what are the symptoms? how can it be cured?
genetic lack of the transferrin limiting protein.不能阻止transferrin绑更多铁 liver damage. blood draws/donation
how do babies get iron?
(牛奶很少铁) 小孩出生时fetal hemoglobin会换成正常hemoglobin, 铁被重新利用, fetal hemoglobin inefficient, synthesis of normal hemoglobin 把氧气运输更有效。baby有2-3月的铁
what is iodine’s function? where is it stored?
thyroxine (thyroid hormone) 需要它才能工作. in thyroid as thyroglobulin (complex protein)
what is the cause of goiter?
iodine is low, thyroxin没办法工作，thyroid enlarge to make more thyroxin; too much iodine might cause it too
what is copper’s function?
some enzyme’s cofactor; iron utilization (in form of ceruloplasmin, a protein complex)
what is Manganese’s function?
required for some enzyme’s function
what can Manganese deficiency cause? what can excess Manganese deficiency cause?
damaged blood clot, low serum cholesterol, dermatitis (皮炎), hair color change; symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease
why is Zinc important?
p30 related to follicle (insulin)- stimulating and luetinizing hormone. Cofactor for carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase. genital organs 成长, 防止anemia, taste acuity, 防止 a type of dwarfism
how can Zinc deficiency be caused? what would it cause?
consumption of only plants that contain factors that bind Zn, taking copper supplements (iron as well); retard growth
what is Fluorine’s function?
p30 prevents the acid produced by the bacteria in plaque from dissolving enamel, 被acid damage 的牙齿可以 repair; 不能repair cavities, 可是可以reverse 轻微 tooth decay 而防止新的cavities形成。骨头构造
what happens when there is too much Fluorine? or just enough?
2 PPM: teeth mottle (斑点）1 PPM: reduction in dental cavaties
how can Selenium be toxic? what are some symptoms of its deficiency?
plants grown on soils high in selenium; similar to that of Vitamin E
what is Selenium’s function?
part of enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. Considered to be an antioxidant
what is Chromium’s function? how might it be helpful?
glucose tolerance, stimulation of fatty acid synthesis, insulin metabolism and protein digestion; effects on adult diabetics, may prevent heart disease
Nickel’s function?
related to nickeloplasmin (protein)
Vanadium’s function?
Increased growth rate and increased hematocrit (血球量）in chickens
Silicon’s function? what is a good source?
may be important for bone development; beer
which minerals seldom deficient? always?
phosphorus (long-term consumption of antacids), chlorine (强力reduce Na), Copper (rare in US), Manganese (rare in US), Nickel ( no man)
labeling must contain?
Serving size; Servings/container; Calories/serving; Protein content; Carbohydrate content; Lipid content; % of RDA for key nutrients
what is the revised format?
p32 Mandatory labeling (Federal law - Interstate); label content related to today’s concerns; Require cholesterol, saturated fatty acid content, dietary fiber and calories from fat; Remove thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin; Established Mandatory serving sizes; Flavors, colors spaces declared specifically; Define Low fat etc.
what is NLEA?
nutrition labeling & Education Act
for which nutrients Daily Value meant “most consumed in a day”, but for others it is a goal?
Total fat, Saturated fat, Unsaturated fat, Cholesterol, Total carbohydrate, Sodium, Potassium
what defines “Free”?
contains none/trivial/”physiologically inconsequential” of, one or more of: fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, sugars, and calories.
what defines “reduced”?
contains at least 25% less of a nutrient or of calories than the regular, or reference, product
what defines “healthy”?
low in fat, saturated fat and contain limited cholesterol and sodium.
what defines disqualifying nutrients? list them.
not allow a health claim on a food with too much unhealthy nutrient. fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium
what is the 10% rule?
in addition to being a “healthy food”, if its single-item, it must provide at least 10% of one or more of vitamins A or C, iron, calcium, protein, or fiber
BMR is affected by? how do the factors affect it?
Age (older=deacrease), Gender (man more muscle, burn more calories). Body composition, Nutritional status, Drugs
what happens to BMR when food is short in supply?
brain sends stronger hunger signals or decrease BMR
what are some drugs that increase BMR? what is the side effect?
Amphetamines, ephedra; inhibit (stop) appetite
what is the one change in BMR that the body does not resist?
body composition: increase muscle= increase BMR
how much Kcal is required to reduce 1lb?
3500 Kcal
what would happen if you try to lose weight in a few days?
loss of water, not fat. eating normal food for only one day would get it back
what happens when the body restricts calories? what happens when glycogen is all used up? what happens if carbo. and protein are both low?
low calorie then body use glycogen for brain and fat for tissue; if glycogen is out, body makes carbo. and convert protein to glucose (fat cannot be made to glucose); if carbo and protein are low, protein from muscle made into carbo., might result cardiac arrest
how does XENICAL(Alli) work?
interfere with digestion of nutrients, but not absorb calories. stop enzyme from breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. usually interfere enzymes that digest starch or fat (ex: block lipase and no fat)
what are the side effects of XENICAL(Alli)?
油没有消化，所以有gas oily discharge, increased bowel movements that can’t be controlled if there is too much oil
what compounds can block appetite receptors in the brain?
Amphetamines, Serotonin altering drugs, Wellbutryn, Zoloft, Meridia
how does the brain respond to Appetite Suppressants?
if signal blocked, brain sends more. if blocked again, brain makes more receptors
what should a good diet plan include?
ate less, more active, learn what a real serving size is, not binge (暴食), occasional indulgence is OK, reduction of 500 to 1,000 kcal per day, increase activity by 500 Kcal/day, Medical supervision for diets below 1200 kcal/day
what is eating disorder?
extreme reduction of food intake or overeating, or feelings of extreme distress or concern about body weight or shape
what are 3 types of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, “eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)”
who is more likely to get eating disorders? age-wise and sex-wise?
adolescence or young adulthood, but maybe childhood or later adulthood. female>male
how are eating disorders treated?
Psychological and medicinal treatments are effective for most. For chronic, tailored to individual needs: medications; nutritional counseling; and psychotherapy. may need hospitalized to treat malnutrition or to gain weight
what are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?
pg 36 & 37 没有 menstruation, bone thinning (osteopenia or osteoporosis), brittle hair and nails, dry skin and hair, growth of fine hair over body (lanugo, “Peach Fuzz”), mild anemia, muscle weakness and loss, constipation, low blood pressure, slowed breathing and pulse, internal body temperature drop, lethargy 昏睡, dehydration, kidney failure
how do people with Anorexia Nervosa lose weight?
dieting and exercising, vomiting, misusing laxatives 泻药, diuretics 利尿 or enemas 灌肠
how do how do people with Anorexia Nervosa die?
cardiac arrest, electrolyte 电解液 and fluid imbalances, Suicide
what are the 3 components of treating Anorexia Nervosa?
restore to healthy weight; treat psychological issues; 减少或除去 behaviors or thoughts, and prevent relapse.
can medication treat Anorexia Nervosa?
目前没有。说antidepressants, antipsychotics or mood stabilizers可以，但最近数据说明这些不能防止复发。而且在第一个关键阶段（restore weight) 没有药是有用的
