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Animal Kingdom > From Worms to Arthropods > Flashcards

From Worms to Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum: Annelida

A
  • bilateral
  • triploblast
  • coelomate (unlike flatworms)
  • protostomes
  • body segmentation - serial repeition of functinoal units (compare with flatworms)
  • earth worms, leeches
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2
Q

Body Segmentation

A

Serial repetition of functional units

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3
Q

Peritoneum

A

The peritoneum /ˌpɛrɨtənˈiəm/ is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids. It covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs, and is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue.

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4
Q

Annelid Body Plan

A
  • Coelom - acts as a fluid-filled (hydrostatic) skeleton
  • Closed vascular system - transport vital gases, food and excretory products (greater potential for increased size)
  • Ventral nervous system - nerve cord
  • Movement - antagonistic circular and longitudinal muscles (helped by parapodia or chaetae)
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5
Q

Parapodia

A

(in a polychaete worm) each of a number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion, sensation, or respiration.

(in a sea slug or other mollusc) a lateral extension of the foot used as an undulating fin for swimming.

Aids movement in water

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6
Q

Chaetae

A

any of the chitinous bristles on the body of such annelids as the earthworm and the lugworm: used in locomotion; a seta.

Seta - is a biological term derived from the Latin word for “bristle”. It refers to a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.

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7
Q

Phylum: Annelids

Class: Polychaeta

A
  • Marine worms
  • Free-swimming and sedentary
  • Have unjointed leg-like ‘parapodia’ on every body segment
  • Reproduction - mostly sexual via spawning or hypodermic impregnation; some species hermaphroditic
  • Trocophore larvae - free swimming cilliated larva
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8
Q

Hypodermic Impregnation

A

where the penis injects sperm into the body tissues and sperm migrates to the female reproductive tract.

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9
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

a person or animal having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics, either abnormally or (in the case of some organisms) as the natural condition.

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10
Q

Phylum: Annelid

Subclass: Oligochaeta

A
  • Earthworms
  • Mostly terrestrial - live in soil (feed on organic matter)
  • Can grow very long - Gipsland earthrworm, up to 3m
  • Hermaphrodites but usually sexual reproduction
  • React to vibrations e.g. thinks it’s rain, come up for water - have capacity to perceive environment
  • ripple like movement due to chaetae
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11
Q

Earthworm Movement

A
  • Chaetae
  • longitudinal and circular muscles relax and contract alternately
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12
Q

Phylum: Annelid

Subclass: Hirudinea

A
  • Leech
  • Freshwater and terrestrial
  • Mostly feed on vertebrate blood
  • Saliva contains anti-coagulant proteins
  • have thermo-sensors to detect prey
  • coelom - usually reduced in size
  • segmentation - found in nervous and excretory system only
  • reproduction - internal fertilization (some use hypodermic impregnation)
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13
Q

Annelid Segmentation (leech)

A
  • intestine - reduced segmentation
  • Coelom - reduced (allows more space for muscles and intestine)
  • suckers - feeding, anchoring and movement
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14
Q

Phylum: Arthropoda

A
  • over 80% of species
  • occupy all environments (marine, freshwater, terrestrial, subterranean, aerial)
  • enormous range of behaviours and body forms
  • split into 4 major sub-phyla
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15
Q

Characteristics of Arthropoda

A
  • Bilateral
  • Tripoblastic
  • Coelomate
  • Protostomes
  • Body segmentation
  • Also…not part of annelid characteristics
  • moult (part of the ecdysozoa)
  • hard exterior (exoskeleton)
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16
Q

Phylum: Arthropoda

Sub-phylum: Chelicerata

A
  • terrestrial and marine
  • four pairs of legs
  • lack antennae
  • modified mouthparts (chelicerae)
    e. g. spiders
17
Q

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Myriapoda

A
  • centipedes and millipedes
  • myriapoda = many legs
  • head and segmented body
  • mandibles for feeding
  • usually compound eyes
  • terrestrial (live in leaf litter and soil)
  • centipedes are carnivorous
  • milipedes eat leaf matter
  • odd number of segments
18
Q

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

A
  • mostly marine (few terrestrial: e.g. woodlice/slaters)
  • two pairs of antennae, biramous appendages
  • major component of plankton
  • mostly omnivorour; some filter feeders; few carnivorour
  • reproduction - sexes usually separate
  • unusual forms - the hermaphroditic barnacle
19
Q

Biramous Appendages

A

The appendages of arthropods may be either biramous oruniramous. A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.

20
Q

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Hexapoda (Insecta)

A
  • vast number of species and forms
  • mostly terrestrial (why so few marine insects?)

Few marine insects as it would have to compete with crustacea

  • reproduction - mostly sexual, although some species asexual
  • characterised by evolution of wings and flights
  • wing - stiff membrane of exoskeleton strengthened by “veins”
  • unbranched limbs
  • body divided into 3 sections
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • specialised mouth part
21
Q

Evolution of insect flight

A
  • most likely evolved from gills in aquatic forms
  • traditionally thought wings evolved from structures that would help ‘gliding’
  • evidence from stoneflies suggest early wings aid locomotion across water surface
22
Q

Insect mouthpart diversity

A
  • chewing e.g. grasshopper, cockroaches
  • sucking e.g. mosquitoes
  • siphoning e.g. butterflies
  • sponging e.g. flies
23
Q

Arthropods Success

  1. Exoskeleton
A
  • exoskeleton composed on chitin
  • made up of hardened plates, separated by soft membranes (permits movement)
  • Advantages
  • protection
  • support for muscles
  • prevent water loss
  • can be adapted for unusual uses
24
Q

Arthropods Success

  1. Diversification of segmentation
A
  • Body segmentation shows fusion and loss of segments to varying extents
  • Some loss of appendages as well
25
Q

Arthropods Success

  1. Diversification of appendages
A
  • many body segments bear different types of jointed appendages
26
Q

Arthropods Success

  1. Advanced Nervous System
A
  • antenna
  • compound eye
  • brain
  • ventral nerve cord
  • segmental ganglion
27
Q
  1. Advanced Sensory structures
A

e.g. compound eyes, antennae

Animal Kingdom (5 decks)

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