From Tsardom To Communism: Russia 1914-1924 Flashcards

1
Q

Why did the Tsar’s government collapse in March 1917?

A
  1. The tsar was weak + found it difficult to make decisions
  2. For hundreds of years Russians had believed that God had chosen the Tsar, fewer people now believed this + lost loyalty
  3. The nobles were unhappy- wanted Tsar to share power with them, stronger Duma which they would lead
  4. Peasants unhappy, want own land
  5. Industrial workers unhappy, live in poor housing conditions + had very low wages
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2
Q

What was the consequence of the growth of organised opposition to the Tsar’s government in 1905?

A

In 1905 some opposing groups tried to lead a revolution against the Tsar- stopped using army and police

Tsar had to give in a little, allowed Duma to meet for first time however had no real power

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3
Q

What were the 3 main opposition groups to the Tsar’s government + what were their aims?

A

The kadets- businessmen + middle classes, did not really want a revolution but more power given to Duma

The social revolutionaries (SRs)- huge following among peasants, wanted Tsar removed + land given to peasants

The social Democratic Party (SDs)- wanted Tsar removed by power, tried to stir up workers. Split into 2 groups Mensheviks + Bolsheviks- more extreme, thought revolution coming soon wanted to seize power and make Russia communist

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4
Q

What were the consequences of the First World War in Russia?

A

Seen as one of most important reasons as to why Tsar’s government collapsed

  • War went badly, e.g. Battle of Tannenburg Russia defeated by Germany many casualties
  • Tsar took personal command of army in 1915, losses seen as his responsibility
  • 1917 desertion high
  • railways could not cope with supplying army + people. Food shortages + shell shortages
  • inflation
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5
Q

What happened in March 1917?

A

The march revolution

  • international women’s day
  • spontaneous
  • workers came out on streets to protest or went on strike. Government lost control of Petrograd
  • soldiers ordered to fire but many mutinied and joined revolution
  • Pskov rail line blocked at Pskov Tsar abdicated
  • Duma took control of government- provision government (temporary) until proper elections
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6
Q

Why did the provisional government only last nine months?

A
  • members came from different parties argued among themselves
  • had little experience of running things
  • Kerensky + Duma wanted to carry on war, continued to lose, got blame
  • Duma did not solve food shortages
  • order number 1- Petrograd Soviet, soldiers need not obey orders that not been agreed
  • soviets took control of their town, district or factory, prov gov couldn’t control the soviets
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7
Q

What were the failed attempt to overthrow the provisional government?

A
  • July 1917, Bolsheviks stirred up armed marches in Petrograd against prov gov- hoped to overthrow + gain power
    Leading bolsheviks arrested, Lenin escaped
  • August 1917 commander in chief of army Kornilov tried to seize power
    Prov gov forced to get help from Bolshevik’s armed soldiersRed Guards
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8
Q

What was the Bolshevik’s main slogan why did this gain them support?

A

Bread, peace, land
Bread- improve supply of food
Peace- end unpopular war
Land- give land to peasants

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9
Q

How did the Bolsheviks manage to seize power in the November Revolution 1917?

A
  • had own armed soldiers, red guards led by Trotsky + strong leadership from Lenin
  • strong support in the soviets of Petrograd, slogan + credit of stopping Kornilov
  • Nov 1917 red guards wielded important buildings in Petrograd, kerensky couldn’t gather enough loyal soldiers to stop them
  • Bolshevik soldiers attacked winter palace where Duma leaders meeting + arrested them. And aurora fired shells in its direction. Little real fighting or opposition guarded by trainee cadets and women’s battalion. Prov gov surrendered
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10
Q

What happened after the Bolsheviks gained control in Petrograd?

A
  • opponents of Bolsheviks walked out of the Soviet in protest
  • few days later seized Moscow too
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11
Q

What did the Bolsheviks have to create in order to stay in power?

A

A one-party dictatorship

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12
Q

What was the constituent assembly + what happened to it?

A

Would have replaced prov gov as gov. Organised by prov gov. November elections took place. Bolsheviks got only 24% SRs 40%

Bolsheviks closed it down at gunpoint after it had only met for one day

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13
Q

What did the Bolsheviks do once they were in power?

A
  • arrested leaders of other parties. 1921 all other parties abolished
  • Cheka set up in Dec 1917. Organised Red terror enemies of Bolsheviks often tortured or executed
  • took over factories
  • peasants allowed to take over land
  • treaty of Brest litovsk
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14
Q

When was the Russian civil war?

A

1918- 1921

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15
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks win the Civil war?

A
  • whites disorganised + disunited. Generals did not trust each other and had different aims
  • Trotsky gave reds great leadership
  • reds controlled railways centred on Moscow, could use to move mean around quickly and defeat W armies 1 by 1
  • foreign countries helping W only willing to give little support, soldiers unwilling, not fighting for cause unlike R- railways showed propaganda Trotsky gave speeches gave motivation. + R could present themselves as protectors of motherland
  • W fighting large area of land, hard to coordinate attacks
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16
Q

When was war communism?

A

1918-1921

17
Q

Why was war communism introduced?

A
  • new communist government had to act harshly to survive

- Lenin had to make sure that R army had enough food + supplies to win battles

18
Q

What did war communism involve?

A

The government taking strict control of the economy

Working hours increased

Food in cities rationed

Red army patrols seized grain from peasants often at gun point

19
Q

What were the consequences of war communism?

A

Grain production fell as many peasants hid supplies rather than hand it over

Widespread famine by 1921 around 5 million died

Various strikes in Petrograd and other cities, most notably the mutiny at Kronstadt naval base

20
Q

When war the Kronstadt revolt?

A

March 1921

21
Q

What was the main reason for the Kronstadt revolt?

A

War communism added to the growing unpopularity of the Communist government. Some who previously supported felt not carrying out promises for better Russia for ordinary workers and peasants + concerned about lack of freedom under communist dictatorship

22
Q

Why was the government so worried about the Kronstadt rebellion?

A

It was a rebellion amazing their own best troops, had previously supported takeover. If they did not act quickly it might spread

23
Q

How was the Kronstadt revolt ended?

A

Trotsky sent army of 60,000 men’s across ice o defeat soldiers, 3 weeks of fighting, many injured.

Many rebel sailors were imprisoned or executed

24
Q

What was the consequence of the Kronstadt rebellion?

A

Lenin realised change was necessary. Had to change harsh policy to win back support of peasants and industrial workers- quickly improve food supply and general economic situation

25
Q

When was the NEP?

A

1921-1928

26
Q

What did the NEP involve?

A

Taking a step back from communism

  • smaller businesses + factories allowed to return to private ownership.
  • farmers, traders + businessmen could sell good for profit
  • government stopped taking surplus crops
  • Large industries kept under gov control
27
Q

What were the consequences of the NEP?

A

Production did increase but argued that all it could do was to bring production back to the level it was before WW1