from pp Flashcards

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1
Q

how do the characteristics of inflammation help in response

A
  • pain alerts the person that there is an injury
  • warmth speeds up {chemical reactions / skin cell division
    / phagocytosis / increases rate of enzyme activity (of
    person) / defence mechanisms}
  • swelling results in more {blood / white blood cells /
    platelets / phagocytes / antibodies/ tissue fluid} (to the
    wound)
  • redness results in more {blood / white blood cells /
    platelets / phagocytes / antibodies} (to the wound)
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2
Q

what is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

bacteriostatic inhibit the growth of bacteria in other words keeps the number of bacteria constant
bactericidal antibiotics destroy the bacteria in other words decrease the number of bacteria

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3
Q

how does gut flora (bacteria in the intestines)

A
  • to compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients/space which would limit the growth of pathogenic bacteria
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4
Q

define habitat

A
  • a place organisms live
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5
Q

define population

A
  • organisms of one species living in a particular area
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6
Q

define community

A

a group of organisms of different species interacting in a particular area

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7
Q

calculation in investigation

A
  • calculate the mean AND SD
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8
Q

define anthropogenic

A
  • caused by effects of humans
  • changes to mean temp.
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9
Q

how to calculate the age of a tree by the rings

A
  • each year a ring will form
  • the thickness of the rings will be different each year depends on the condition
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10
Q

define aseptic technique

A
  • methods used to prevent contamination of culture
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11
Q

why using aseptic technique is important

A
  • prevent the entry of bacteria that may compete with E.coli
  • to prevent infection of the person with bacteria in culture that may be pathogenic
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12
Q

define biodiversity

A
  • number of different species
  • genetic diversity within a specie
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13
Q

state the meaning of the term biomass

A

how much organic matter present in organisms

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14
Q

why describe diagrams as model

A

because it is making predictions (1)

 based on {knowledge / data} (1)

 it is a visual representation (of what might happen) (1)

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15
Q

why are enzymes needed

A
  • needed for metabolism
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16
Q

why two primers are needed in PCR

A

primers needed so that (DNA / taq) polymerase can bind (to
one strand)

because one primer is needed for each strand

because the DNA strands {are antiparallel / are
complementary / have different base sequences at each end}

17
Q

how does TB result in death

A
  • because formation of tubercles
  • therefore insufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration
  • organ failure
  • weakens immune system so death from infection
18
Q

how optical methods can be used to compare the growth rates of two populations

A
  • both types of bacteria cultured in the same culture conditions
  • use aseptic technique
  • use light meter / light sensor
    / spectrophotometer /
    colorimeter / cross
    underneath the flask / shine a
    light through and measure
    {transmission / absorbance}
  • calibration curve used to determine concentration of bacteria
19
Q

what are interferons

A
  • interferons are secreted by infected cells (1)
     they are anti-viral proteins (1)
     preventing {viral replication / synthesis of viral proteins /
    spread of virus} (1)
     involved in activation of {macrophages / T killer cells}
20
Q

what happens to the bacteria at the lag phase

A
  • (no increase in number of bacteria) because the cells had to
    {adjust to new environment / warm up / synthesise new
    enzymes}
21
Q

log

A

(increase in number of bacteria) as {conditions are suitable /
nutrients available / pH appropriate / oxygen levels
appropriate / appropriate temperature}

22
Q

describe the method used in dilution plating

A
  • use serial dilution
  • sample added to agar and spread
23
Q

state the characteristics of pioneer species

A

need to withstand {harsh / extreme} environments (1)
* need to be able to withstand {dessication / lack of shade} (1)
* have a low requirement for {minerals / mineral ions / named
mineral ion / soil}
* have {fast life-cycles / grow fast / reproduce asexually / produce lots
of seeds / wide dispersal mechanisms}

24
Q

why succession occurs in stages

A

changes to the habitat have to take place before a different
organism can survive there
* credit named improvement g. make soil, improve soil,
provide food (for animals)
* credit organism that would appear in next stage following this
improvement e.g. (deeper soil) bushes / trees,
(food / shelter) animals

25
Q
A

nuclear DNA is linear and mtDNA is circular (1)
* nuclear DNA has unbound {phosphate group / sugar} whereas
mtDNA does not (1)
* mtDNA has (far)fewer {phosphodiester bonds / base pairs}