Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

autumn amy L pm2c (copied) > From Physiological Systems To Molecular Drug Targets I > Flashcards

From Physiological Systems To Molecular Drug Targets I Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 major sites of action of drugs

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Transporters
  3. Ion channels
  4. Receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of the PNS?

A

To regulate the body’s internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the PNS represent?

A

The output of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 2 systems does the PNS consist of?

A
  1. ANS = autonomic nervous system
  2. SNS = somatic (motor) nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the ANS controlled?

A

The ANS is usually outside of voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the SNS controlled?

A

The SNS is under concious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 2 nerves that make up the SNS

A

Efferent and Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the efferent nerves?

A

Control movement by innervating skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of afferent nerves?

A

Respond to external stimuli e.g. pain-sensing (nociceptive) fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 5 processes that the ANS regulates

A
  1. Heart beat
  2. Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
  3. All exocrine function
  4. Some endocrine function
  5. Some steps in intermediate metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the 3 major systems/divisions of the ANS

A
  1. PNS = Parasympathetic Nervous System
  2. SNS = Sympathetic Nervous System
  3. ENS = Enteric Nervous System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What effect does blocking the noradrenaline receptors have?

A

Activates the sympathetic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What effect does blocking the muscarinic ACh receptors have?

A

Blocks the parasympathetic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What effect does activating the muscarinic ACh receptors have?

A

Activates the parasympathetic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the SNS

A

The SNS evokes a ‘fight or flight’ response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the PNS

A

The PNS mediates a ‘rest and digest’ state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define: Endocrine gland

A

A gland which secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define: Exocrine gland

A

A gland which secretes hormones via ducts onto an epithelium rather than directly to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List 3 actions of the SNS

A
  1. Pupil dilation (wide)
  2. Blood flow directed to the skeletal muscle
  3. Bronchodilation (more O2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List 3 actions of the PNS

A
  1. Pupil constriction
  2. Blood flow directed to the viscera (organs)
  3. Bronchoconstriction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of ACh-esterase?

A

Convert ACh —> acetate + choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are ACh-esterase inhibitors also known as?

A

Anti-cholinesterases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does blocking ACh-esterase do?

A

Increase the amount of ACh in the synaptic cleft

26
Q

Where is ACh broken down by ACh-esterase?

A

The synaptic cleft

27
Q

Which receptor does atropine block?

A

Muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR)

Antagonist

28
Q

Which receptor does succinylcholine block?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR)

29
Q

Name the substance that blocks the muscarinic ACh receptor

A

Atropine

30
Q

Name the substances that block the nicotinic ACh receptor

A

Succinylcholine and Tubocurarine

31
Q

Which receptor does tubocurarine block?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptor

32
Q

What effect does tubocurarine have on the body?

A

Paralyses muscles

By blocking the nicotinic ACh receptor

33
Q

Name a condition that anticholinesterases are used to treat

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

34
Q

What effect does ACh have on the blood pressure?

A

ACh decreases the blood pressure

More ACh = greater decrease in BP

35
Q

What substance does atropine block the effects of?

A

ACh

36
Q

What substance blocks the effects of ACh?

A

Atropine

37
Q

How does atropine block the effects of ACh?

A

By blocking (antagonist) the muscarinic ACh receptor

38
Q

Name the receptor that causes an increase in BP when bound to ACh (as atropine has blocked the muscarinic receptor)

A

Nicotinic receptor

39
Q

How many subtypes of muscarinic receptor exist?

A

5: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

40
Q

What type of receptor do muscarinic receptors exist as?

A

G protein-coupled receptors

41
Q

What response do M1, M3 and M5 (odd numbers) cause?

A

They cause an increase in IP3

42
Q

What type of G protein are M1, M3 and M5?

A

Gαq

43
Q

What type of G protein are M2 and M4?

A

Gαi/o

44
Q

What response do M2 and M4 (even numbers) cause?

A

Decrease in cAMP

45
Q

Why is it not recommended to target agonist drugs at the mAChR subtypes?

A

The agonists are non-selective - could target any/all of the subtype receptors = unpredictable effects

46
Q

Why is it preferable to target mAChR subtype receptors with antagonist drugs

A

Drugs that are antagonists are more selective so they have a more predictable effect, only targeted at 1 receptor

47
Q

What are the benefits of having a more selective drug?

A
  • More likely to be safe
  • More likely to be potent/efficacious
48
Q

What is the role of Gαq? (M1/M3/M5)

A

Activates phospholipase C (which converts PIP2 into IP3 + DAG)

49
Q

What is the role of phospholipase C?

A

It converts PIP2 into IP3 + DAG

50
Q

What effect does IP3 + DAG have on the cell?

A

Increases intracellular calcium:

  • Secretion
  • Contraction
  • Vasodilation
51
Q

List 3 effects of an increase in intracellular calcium

A
  1. Secretion
  2. Contraction
  3. Vasodilation
52
Q

Name the enzyme that is inhibited by Gαi/o (M2/M4)

A

Adenylate cyclase (so ATP can’t be converted to cAMP)

53
Q

What enzyme do M2/M4 inhibit?

A

Adenylate cyclase (so ATP can’t be converted to cAMP)

54
Q

What is the role of adenylate cyclase?

A

Convert ATP to cAMP

55
Q

Name a physiological effect of a reduction in cAMP

A

Bradycardia = reduced heart rate

56
Q

Define: Cholinergic

A

Relating to nerve cells in which ACh acts as a neurotransmitter

57
Q

The actions of mAChRs mimic which nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

58
Q

List 4 parasympathetic effects caused by the actions of mAChRs

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Vasoconstriction
  3. Increased secretion
  4. Increased gut motility
59
Q

List 4 physiological effects of the actions of atropine (blocking mAChRs)

A
  1. Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
  2. Pupillary dilation
  3. Block secretion
  4. Inhibits gut motility
60
Q

Name 3 indications of atropine

A
  1. Smooth muscle relaxants (e.g. IBS)
  2. Cardiovascular (e.g. to treat bradycardia after heart attack)
  3. Anaesthesia (to prevent vagal inhibition of the heart)
61
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atropine?

A
  • Antagonist
  • Blocks at muscarinic ACh receptors
  • Non-selective
  • Doesn’t block nicotinic receptors

autumn amy L pm2c (copied) (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions