From Notebooks - EMS/Rotations

Question 0

Which sinus does the rostral maxillary sinus communicate with in the horse?

Answer 0

The ventral conchal sinus.

Question 1

Which equine sinuses drain into the middle meatus?

Answer 1

The caudal and rostral maxillary sinuses.

Question 2

Describe the ventral conchal sinus in the equine head-down position.

Answer 2

The most dependant, and blind-ended.

Question 3

Which equine sinuses communicate with the caudal maxillary sinus?

Answer 3

Sphenopalatine and frontal.

Question 4

Which sinuses communicate with the equine frontal sinus?

Answer 4

The dorsal conchal and caudal maxillary sinuses.

Question 5

Calculating fluid rates. N is how many times maintenance is needed, per 24hr.

Answer 5

Weigh the animal in kg
Multiply by 50 (maintenance)
Multiply by n (per 24hr)
Divide by 24 (per hour)
Divide by 60 (per minute)
Multiply by giving set factor (20 or 60 for paediatric sets) to get drops per minute
60 divided by drops per minute gives seconds per drop

Question 6

What are the two main mechanisms of joint disease pathology in companion animals?

Answer 6

Abnormal pressure on a normal joint; e.g. obesity

Normal pressure on an abnormal joint; e.g. hip dysplasia in GSDs/Maine Coons

Question 7

Describe the nature of an equine placenta.

Answer 7

Diffuse; allows for close approximation of maternal and foetal aspects.

Question 8

How quickly should phase 3 of parturition including passage of the placenta take?

Answer 8

1 hour.

Question 9

How soon after birth should a foal be on its feet?

Answer 9

2 hours.

Question 10

How soon after birth should a foal have ingested colostrum?

Answer 10

Within the first 6 hours.

Question 11

What are the primary sites of osteosarcoma?

Answer 11

Distal scapula and proximal humerus.

Question 12

Which breeds are most predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 12

Doberman and Boxer.

Question 13

Describe epidemiology of DCM.

Answer 13

Rare in dogs weighing less than 12kg.
Prevalence increases with age.
Most cases 4-10 years old.
Possible increased prevalence in males compared to females.

Question 14

What are the clinical signs of DCM?

Answer 14

Signs of congestive heart failure: weakness, tachypnoea/dyspnoea, lethargy, exercise intolerance, “gagging” cough, anorexia, ascites, syncope, loss of dorsal midline muscle mass, pale mucous membranes, prolonged CRT, weak & rapid femoral pulse, tachyarrhythmia
Muffled heart sounds
Gallop rhythm

Question 15

What is the mechanism of action of ACP syncopic episodes in Boxers?

Answer 15

Sinoatrial blockade caused by excessive vagal tone; use low doses or avoid.

Question 16

What are the minimum ages for enrofloxacin usage in dogs and cats?

Answer 16

Do not use in dogs less than 1 year old (18 months in large breed dogs), or cats under 8 weeks old. Enrofloxacin damages articular cartilage. It can also cause retinal damage possibly leading to blindness in cats.

Question 17

At which months in equine gestation should you vaccinate against herpesvirus?

Answer 17

5, 7, 9 months of gestation.