from EBOD

Question 1

actions of superior oblique

Answer 1

The primary action of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion, the secondary is depression and the tertiary is abduction

Question 2

superior oblique - angle with visual axis

Answer 2

51º

Question 3

Lockwood’s ligament

Answer 3

The pulleys of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles join to form Lockwood’s ligament

Question 4

recession of the inferior rectus muscle can lead to

Answer 4

lower eyelid retraction with widening of the palpebral fissure

Question 5

resection of the inferior rectus muscle can lead to

Answer 5

lower eyelid advancement with fissure narrowing

Question 6

A person with anomalous retinal correspondence does not have binocular vision - T or F

Answer 6

F

Question 7

Motor fusion

Answer 7

vergence movement

Question 8

Sensory fusion

Answer 8

based on the innate topographic relationship between retina and visual cortex, whereby corresponding retinal points project onto the same part of the cortex

Question 9

Pathological suppression and ARC cannot develop in adulthood - T or F

Answer 9

T

Question 10

Amblyopia is responsible for more cases of unilateral visual impairment of childhood onset than all other causes combined - T or F

Answer 10

T

Question 11

The most common form of amblyopia is

Answer 11

strabismic

Question 12

In ametropic amblyopia there is a bilateral reduction of visual acuity - T or F

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Part-time occlusion, defined as occlusion for 2-6 hours a day, can achieve the same results as full-time occlusion - T or F

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Part-time occlusion - how many hours

Answer 14

2-6 hours a day

Question 15

in moderate to severe deficits - how many hours of patching

Answer 15

at least 6 hours a day is preferred

Question 16

Pharmacological penalization is as effective as the use of patches to treat severe amblyopia - T or F

Answer 16

F (Pharmacological penalization is as effective a treatment as the use of patches for mild to moderate amblyopia)

Question 17

In children at the preverbal stage (0-2 years), visual acuity can be detected by

Answer 17

fixation behaviour (CSM method), VEP, preferential looking or the “fix-and-follow” method

Question 18

In a 6-year-old child, the most reliable test is

Answer 18

Snellen letter or number charts

Question 19

In a 2-5-year-old child, the most reliable test is

Answer 19

Snellen E chart together with HOTV optotypes, LEA symbols and Allen figures

Question 20

monofixation syndrome

Answer 20

form of subnormal binocular vision without bifixation characterized by small-angle strabismus, unilateral absolute facultative central suppression scotoma of less than 3º, and peripheral fusion. there is peripheral fusion with the absence of bimacular fusion due to a physiological macular scotoma

Question 21

Monofixation Syndrome - causes

Answer 21

Surgically corrected strabismus (most common), Anisometropia, Macular lesion, Primary

Question 22

Monofixation Syndrome - Worth test

Answer 22

In the Worth test, at a distance of 3 m, the lights are projected onto the central area of the retina, so patients will see two or three lights, and as the lights get closer to the patient, they start to be projected onto the peripheral retina. Having passed the central scotoma, the patient may fuse and see 4 Worth lights.

Question 23

Esotropia - crossed or uncrossed diplopia

Answer 23

Uncrossed (homonymous)

Question 24

Exotropia - crossed or uncrossed diplopia

Answer 24

Crossed (heteronymous)

Question 25

red glass test - normal retinal correspondence

Answer 25

the measured distance between the two images is equal to the previously measured deviation

Question 26

red glass test - anomalous retinal correspondence

Answer 26

the patient saw two lights, but the separation between them was less than that measured previously

Question 27

Accommodative esotropia - AC/A and fusion

Answer 27

hyperopia and/or a high AC/A ratio associated with insufficient fusional divergence

Question 28

Accommodative esotropia - time of onset

Answer 28

between 2 and 4 years of age

Question 29

Accommodative esotropia - treatment

Answer 29

The first therapeutic step is optical correction of hyperopia. If the child continues deviating at near after several months despite optical correction, even if he or she does not present esotropia at distance, bifocal glasses graduated for near vision will be prescribed. Surgery is reserved for cases where there continues to be notable esotropia at distance despite good optical correction with glasses.

Question 30

Accommodative esotropia - patching occlusions ?

Answer 30

NO! only when amblyopia