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220 Gynaecological Cancers > From Dropbox Notes > Flashcards

From Dropbox Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Define Carcinoma.

A

Cancer of (any) epithelial tissue

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2
Q

Define adenocarcinoma.

A

Cancer originating from glandular epithelial tissue

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3
Q

Define dysplasia.

A

Disordered growth, cells show abnormalities

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4
Q

Define pleomorphism.

A

2 or more species existing at the same time (rapid growth)

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5
Q

Define neoplasia.

A

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.

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6
Q

What is the most common female cancer in the UK?

A

Breast

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7
Q

What is the most common gynaecological cancer in the UK?

A

Uterine

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8
Q

What is the most common gynaecological cancer in the world?

A

Cervix

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9
Q

For TNM staging, what does 4a mean?

A

Spread beyond primary organ to neighbouring areas

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10
Q

What does 4b of the TNM staging represent?

A

Distant metastasis

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11
Q

What is the tumour marker for Ovarian Cancer?

A

CA125

Also uterine

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12
Q

For which cancers is radiotherapy a possible primary curative treatment?

A

Cervical and Endometrial

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13
Q

What is used for concomitant chemo and radio therapy?

A

Cis-platin sensitises the cell for better radiotherapy effect

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14
Q

Is endometrial cancer more common in pre or post menopausal women?

A

Post-menopausal

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15
Q

What do oestrogen and progesterone do to the endometrial lining in the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen → Proliferation of the endometrium

Progesterone → Softening of endometrium for implantation; withdrawal → shedding

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16
Q

What are three ways oestrogen may be increased leading to increased risk of endometrial cancer?

A

Unopposed Oestrogen HRT → endometrium proliferation without progestogen control

Longer fertile period → endometrium exposed to oestrogen for longer

Obesity: Fat → oestrogen

17
Q

What is the most common type of endometrial cancer?

A

Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma

18
Q

What is the presentation of endometrial cancer?

A

Post-menopausal bleeding

or Irregular/heavy bleeding in pre-menopausal women

Pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, metastases

19
Q

What investigations should be conducted for suspected endometrial cancer? And what will it show?

A

Trans-vaginal USS → thickened endometrium

Endometrial biopsy

MRI - staging

20
Q

What is the treatment for endometrial cancer?

A

Laparoscopic Hysterectomy +/- bilateral salpingoophorectomy

21
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian cancer?

A

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (ovarian carcinoma)

22
Q

What genes are implicated in ovarian cancer risk factors?

A

BRCA1 - Dominant - ↑breast,ovarian Ca

BRCA2 - Dominant - ↑breast, ovarian, pancreatic Ca

HNPCC - Dominant - ↑ovarian, endometrial, colorectal Ca

23
Q

Which gynaecological cancers do Tamoxifen or Oestrogen only pills increase the risk of?

A

Endometrial and Ovarian

24
Q

How does ovarian cancer spread?

A

Intraperitoneal dissemination

25
Q

What stage does ovarian cancer most commonly present?

A

Stage 3 - extension beyond pelvis into abdominal organs

26
Q

What symptoms and signs are associated with ovarian cancer?

A

Ascites → Abdominal pain, distension, bloating/feeling full, shifting dullness

Palpable abdominal mass

Constitutional: fatigue, weight loss

27
Q

What chemotherapy drug is used for ovarian cancer?

A

Carboplatin

28
Q

What virus is Cervical cancer linked to?

A

HPV

so high no. of sexual partners is a risk factor

and HIV/immunosuppression → HPV clearance more difficult

29
Q

What is cervical interaepithelial neoplasia?

A

Cervical dysplasia before it becomes neoplastic

Stage 1 - mild dysplasia

Stage 3 - severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ

30
Q

What type of cancer are most cervical cancers?

A

Squamous carcinoma

31
Q

What are the treatements for the different stages of cervical cancer?

A

Colposcopy +/- Loop excision for Severe dysplasia/TNM stage 1

Biopsy + diathermy excision of transformation zone

Resectable tumour - TAH +/- vaginal excision

Non-resectable - Radiotherapy +/- chemotherapy

32
Q

What vaccination program is useful for cervical cancer?

A

Cervarix → HPV 16&18

33
Q

What type of cancer are vulvar cancers likely to be?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma >90%

5% melanoma

34
Q

Which gynaecological cancers are linked with HPV?

A

Cervical, Vulvar, Vaginal

35
Q

What cancers are the following age groups associated with?

Post menopausal women

>50 yo

Equal in all >25 yo

>70 yo

A

Post-menopausal women - Endometrial

>50 yo - Ovarian

Equal in all >25 yo - Cervical

>70 yo - Vulvar

220 Gynaecological Cancers (1 decks)

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