From DNA to Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleotides are composed of which 3 things?

A
  1. Nitrogen containing ring compound (Nitrogenous base)
  2. Five carbon sugar (Deoxyribose)
  3. Phosphate molecule
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2
Q

The two Pyrimidine nitrogenous bases in DNA are:

A

Thymine and cytosine

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3
Q

The two Purine nitrogenous bases in DNA are:

A

Adenine and guanine

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4
Q

Nucleotides are joined through ________ bonding between _________ of one nucleotide and _____ of the adjacent nucleotide.

A
  1. Covalent
  2. Phosphate
  3. Sugar
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5
Q

How do DNA strands to differ at the ends?

A

One strand has a phosphate attached at the number 5 carbon of the sugar. (5’ end)

The other strand has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of the sugar. (3’ end)

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6
Q

DNA double strands are complementary to each other, due to what?

A

Specific base pairing of bases (A:T, C:G)

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7
Q

DNA strands are held together with what? Elaborate.

A

Hydrogen Bonds
~ A is bound to T by two hydrogen bonds
~ G is bound to C by three hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

DNA molecule is antiparallel. What does that mean?

A

One strand oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

The other strand is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction.

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9
Q

In what 4 ways does RNA structure differ from DNA?

A
  1. Thymine is replaced by uracil
  2. The sugar is ribose in place of deoxyribose
  3. RNA is generally shorter
  4. Exists as a single-stranded molecule not double- stranded
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10
Q

How many types of rRNA are there? What are their names?

A

3 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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11
Q

Why is DNA replicated?

A

To create identical second copy of molecule.

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12
Q

Which direction does DNA replication occur in?

A

DNA replication is bidirectional:

Begins at specific starting point and proceeds in both direction

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13
Q

What enzyme aids the unwinding of DNA strands during replication?

A

DNA Helicase

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14
Q

What is the Replication Fork?

A

The point where 2 DNA strands are separated.

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15
Q

Which enzyme adds new nucleotides as they become available?

A

DNA Polymerase

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16
Q

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free hydroxyl at which end?

A

The 3’ end.

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17
Q

DNA polymerase replicates in which direction?

A

Replication goes from 5’ to 3’

18
Q

Enzymes READS DNA template in which direction?

A

Reading goes from 3’ to 5’

19
Q

How is the Leading DNA strand synthesized?

A

CONTINUOUSLY as the DNA polymerase moves towards the replication fork

20
Q

How is the Lagging strand synthesized?

A

DISCONTINUOUSLY in pieces as DNA polymerase moves away from the replication fork

21
Q

Which enzyme must bind to an RNA primer to begin synthesis?

A

DNA polymerase

22
Q

Where is RNA primer required?

A

A RNA primer is required at each newly synthesized portion of DNA

23
Q

Which enzyme joins the fragments of the lagging strand?

A

DNA ligase

24
Q

Which enzyme removes any RNA primers?

A

A second DNA polymerase

25
Q

What is Transcription?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of a strand of mRNA from a DNA template

26
Q

mRNA carries the coded information from ____ to the ______.

A

DNA to the ribosome

27
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

A

The ribosome

28
Q

What are the three steps of Transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

29
Q

What occurs during Initiation?

A

The enzyme, RNA polymerase binds to a region of the DNA called the promoter

30
Q

What occurs during elongation?

A

RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary strand of mRNA from a portion of unwound DNA

31
Q

What occurs during Termination?

A

RNA polymerase continues down strand of DNA until it reaches a site on DNA called the terminator

32
Q

What occurs at the Terminator during Termination?

A

At the terminator, RNA polymerase and the new strand of mRNA are released from strand of DNA

33
Q

What is Translation?

A

Translation is the decoding of information held in the mRNA to synthesize proteins

34
Q

Codons contained in mRNA (three nucleotides that specify a particular amino acid) are read into proteins through what process?

A

Translation

35
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

rRNA forms part of the ribosomal machinery used in protein synthesis

36
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

tRNA recognizes specific sequences of mRNA and transports the required amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

37
Q

The first tRNA binds to a start codon, _ _ _

A

AUG

38
Q

Amino acids form peptide bonds along the way

Translation is terminated when the ribosomes come to what?

A

A stop or nonsense codon

39
Q

Which two things occur at the stop codon?

A
  1. The ribosomes separate

2. The new polypeptide chain is released

40
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA is often polycistronic, which means what?

A
  1. prokaryotic RNA contains multiple genes

2. They are often all involved in a single biochemical pathway

41
Q

What is the benefit of polycistronic mRNA?

A

More than one ribosome can be translating at any given moment, before transcription is even finished