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Biology - all note flashcards > From big to small - 3rd form > Flashcards

From big to small - 3rd form Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

-controls the activity of the cell
-contains the chromosomes which carry the genes

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2
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

-boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings
-controls what substances enter and leave the cell (selectively permeable)

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3
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur

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4
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

-carries out some reactions of aerobic respiration, producing ATP

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5
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

-synthesise proteins from amino acids

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6
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts

A

-absorb light energy and use it to carry out the chemical reactions of photosynthesis, making biological molecules for plant cells

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7
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A
  • made of cellulose in plants
  • helps to keep plant cells in a fixed shape
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8
Q

what is the function of the vacuole

A
  • filled with a watery liquid called cell sap
  • stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions, and other substances
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9
Q

symbol for millimetres

A

mm

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10
Q

symbol for micrometres

A

um

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11
Q

symbol for nanometres

A

nm

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12
Q

how many millimetres in a metre

A

1x10^3 (1 thousand)mm in 1m

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13
Q

how many micrometres in a metre

A

1x10^6 (1 million)mm in 1m

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14
Q

how many nanometres in a metre

A

1x10^9 (1 billion)mm in 1m

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15
Q

how do you calculate magnification

A

size of image/actual size of object
size of image/magnification
actual size of object x magnification

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16
Q

what are cells

A

the smallest functional unit of life and contain a number of organelles, structures that carry out specific processes the cells need to survive

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17
Q

what are the different types of cells that have specific jobs called

A

specialised cells

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18
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of similar cells, which work together to carry out the same function

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19
Q

what are organs

A

made up of several different tissues working together to carry out a more complex function

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20
Q

what are organ systems

A

made up of several different organs working together to carry out a complex function essential to life

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21
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen in the blood

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22
Q

what are the features of red blood cells

A
  • contains the protein haemoglobin which binds to and transports oxygen
  • no nucleus which means there is more space for haemoglobin
  • biconcave shaped which means there is a larger surface area meaning oxygen can enter and leave the cell more rapidly
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23
Q

what is the function of a sperm cell

A

to transport male genetic material to the egg cell

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24
Q

what are the features of a sperm cell

A
  • the flagellum (tail) allows the sperm to swim
  • many mitochondria provide the energy needed for swimming
  • the acrosome (package of enzymes) to digest the jelly layer surrounding the egg cell
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25
Q

what is the function of a palisade (leaf) cell

A

to carry out photosynthesis

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26
Q

what are the features of a palisade (leaf) cell

A
  • many chloroplasts which trap light energy for photosynthesis
  • tall and thin meaning cells can pack tightly together so more of the light reaching the leaf is absorbed
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27
Q

what elements are carbohydrates made from

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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28
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates

A

used as fuel for respiration

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29
Q

what chemical reaction are carbohydrates broken down in

A

respiration

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30
Q

what are the smallest units of carbohydrates

A

simple sugars (glucose and fructose)

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31
Q

examples of complex carbohydrates

A

starch and glycogen

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32
Q

what is the function of starch

A

used to store glucose in plants

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33
Q

what is the function of glycogen

A

used to store glucose in animals and fungi

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34
Q

why are starch and glycogen better storage molecules

A

they are less soluble that simple sugars and so have less effect on water movement in and out of cells

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35
Q

what elements are lipids (fats) made from

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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36
Q

what are the smaller units of lipids

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

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37
Q

what are the many functions of lipids (fats)

A

-energy storage (can also be used in respiration)
- part of cell membranes
- thermal insulation
-electrical insulation (around nerve cells)
- buoyancy (helps marine animals like whales to float)

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38
Q

what elements are proteins made from

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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39
Q

what are the smaller units of proteins

A

amino acids

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40
Q

what are the main functions of protein in the body

A
  • structural molecules
  • controlling chemical reactions
  • messenger molecules such as hormones
  • combating disease with antibodies
  • transport
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41
Q

what is the test for glucose

A

Benedict’s solution

42
Q

how do you carry out Benedict’s solution test

A
  1. add Benedict’s solution to a sample of food (in solution)
  2. place in water bath at 80 degrees C for 5 minutes
  3. if a reducing sugar is present the colour will change from blue to brick red + if it is green, yellow, or orange it is still a positive result but will have a lower concentration
43
Q

what is the test for starch

A

Iodine

44
Q

how do you carry out the iodine test

A
  1. add a few drops of orange iodine solution to the sample on a spotting tile
  2. a blue-black colour indicates the presence of starch
45
Q

what is the test for protein

A

Biuret

46
Q

how do you carry out the biuret test

A
  1. add 2cm^3 of water to a food sample and shake (if not already liquid)
  2. add an equal volume of dilute potassium hydroxide and shake
  3. add two drops of 1% copper sulfate solution
  4. if protein is present then a pale purple colour will develop
47
Q

what is the test for lipids

A

Emulsion

48
Q

how do you carry out the emulsion test

A
  1. the food sample is placed in a test tube
  2. add a small volume of absolute ethanol and shake to dissolve any lipid in the alcohol
  3. add an equal volume of water
  4. a cloudy white colour (caused by emulsion forming) indicates the presence of lipid
49
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts which increase the rate of a reaction without being used up itself in the reaction

50
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used up itself in the reaction

51
Q

what is the lock and key theory

A
  • the substrate and enzyme collide
  • the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
  • binding to the active site strains the chemical bonds in the substrate molecules meaning the reaction occurs by an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy
  • once the reaction has occurred the products do not fit the active site’s shape as well as the substrate did so the products are released
  • after the reaction the enzyme molecule is free to catalyse the next reaction
52
Q

what is special about the active site of an enzyme

A

the active site of a particular enzyme has a specific shape which is complimentary to the shape of the substrate(s) which means that each enzyme can only catalyse one reaction

53
Q

what affects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction

A

temperature, changes of pH, adding more substrate or enzyme

54
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction

A

as temperature increases, the enzyme and substrate have more kinetic energy, meaning they move faster and so there are more successful collisions

55
Q

how is an enzyme denatured

A

all proteins are held together by forces between different parts of the amino acid chain. high temperatures and changes of pH disrupt these forces, so the shape changes meaning the protein is denatures because in enzymes, the active site changes shape so it is no longer complimentary to the substrate

56
Q

what is the affect of adding more substrate or enzyme in an enzyme controlled reaction

A

adding more substrate or enzyme is increasing the concentration so it will speed up the reaction

57
Q

what temperature do enzymes usually become denature over

A

40 degrees C

58
Q

what is a genome

A

a genome is the total DNA of an organism - coding for all its characteristics

59
Q

what is a gene

A

a gene is a short section of DNA within a chromosome - it codes for a specific protein (which gives us characteristics)

60
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a chromosome is a straight (linear) strand of DNA.most cells contain pairs of chromosomes (two strands with the same genes)

61
Q

what is DNA

A

DNA is the chemical which contains the information for making proteins - it contains the instructions for all the structures and reactions needed in all the cells of an organism

DNA is a double stranded molecule, made of two chains of nucleotides. the strands coil to form a double helix

62
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

a nucleotide is formed of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base

63
Q

what are the four bases of DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

64
Q

what do the bases form

A

the bases form complimentary pairs which join the two sugar-phosphate backbones together

65
Q

which bases pair with each other

A

Adenine always pairs with Thymine
Cystosine always pairs with Guanine

66
Q

what does the sequence of triplets of bases provide

A

it provides instructions for the sequence of amino acids in a protein

67
Q

what are the five kingdoms

A

plants, animals, fungi, protoctista and bacteria

68
Q

what are eukaryotes

A
  • eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a proper nucleus (a membrane sphere containing linear chromosomes of DNA)
  • they also have other organelles with outer membranes such as mitochondria
69
Q

are plants multicellular or single celled

A

all multicellular - made of many (specialised) cells

70
Q

how do plants get food

A

they make their own complex biological molecules by photosynthesis

71
Q

plant cell adaptations

A

cell have chloroplasts for photosynthesis
cellulose cell wall

72
Q

what do plants store carbohydrates as

A

starch or sucrose

73
Q

are animals multicellular or single celled

A

all multicellular - made of many (specialised) cells

74
Q

how do animals get food

A

eat other living things to obtain nutrients (biological molecules)

75
Q

animal cell adaptations

A

do not have chloroplasts or a cell wall

76
Q

what do animals store carbohydrates as

A

glycogen

77
Q

why do animals have a nervous system

A

for coordination and movement

78
Q

is fungi multicellular or single celled

A

many are multicellular - they consist of threads of cells called hyphae and the whole structure is called a mycelium

79
Q

examples of fungi with a reproductive structure

A

mushroom or toadstool

80
Q

how do fungi get their food

A

saprotrophic nutrition

81
Q

adaptations of fungi cells

A

no chloroplasts
chitin cell wall
many nuclei per (large) cell

82
Q

what do fungi store carbohydrates as

A

glycogen

83
Q

example of single celled fungi

A

yeast

84
Q

example of multicellular fungi

A

mucor - typical hyphal structure

85
Q

is protoctista multicellular or single celled

A

all single celled

86
Q

how do protoctista get their food

A

some photosynthesise, others feed on living organisms or organic remains

87
Q

protoctista cell adaptations

A

cells can have:
-chloroplasts - for photosynthesis
- cell wall
- flagella for movement

88
Q

examples of protoctista and how they feed

A

amoeba - feed on other living organisms
chlorella - photosynthetic

89
Q

which protoctista causes malaria

A

plasmodium

90
Q

what are bacteria

A

small, single-celled organisms

91
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

they do not have a proper nucleus

92
Q

what happens to the genetic material of bacteria

A

the genetic material is in the cytoplasm in the form of a single circular chromosome

93
Q

bacteria cells structure

A

all bacteria cells:
- cell membrane which controls what enters and leaves
- cell wall made made of peptidoglycan which maintains shape and protects the cell
- cytoplasm containing the circular chromosome where chemical reactions occur

many also have:
- a slime capsule outside the cell wall providing more protection
- plasmids, small circles of DNA containing extra genes
- a flagellum which allows bacteria to move

94
Q

what are pathogens

A

microoragnisms which cause infectious diseases
they harm the host by releasing toxins or damaging cells

95
Q

what things can be pathogens

A

all viruses are pathogens
bacteria, fungi and protoctista can also be pathogens

96
Q

what are viruses

A

a strand or genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

97
Q

are viruses cells

A

n, they are not alive - they do not respire, pr carry out any of the other normal processes taking place in living organisms

98
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

they have to enter a host cell - they take over the ribsosomes and enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles

99
Q

what are decomposers

A

(fungi and some bacteria) feed by saprotrophic nutrition

100
Q

how do decomposers feed

A

they secrete digestive enzymes outside of their cells onto the dead organism
the dead organism is broken down into small, soluble molecules which are then absorbed by the decomposer

Biology - all note flashcards (8 decks)

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