Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

US History Foreign Relations > From 1890 > Flashcards

From 1890 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards U.S. Geography flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

Foreign policy after 1890

A
  • Imperialist

- Alaska (“Seward’s Folly”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

definition of imperialism

A

expand influence and power over nations taking political, economic and military control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 main methods of imperialism

A

militarism and political diplomacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 maim concepts of imperialism

A

idealism and realism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

causes of imperialism (from 1890)

A
  • Economic - US dependent on foreign exports showed danger to economy e.g. 1893 Financial Panic led to a period of Depression
  • Progressive Movement - want further social and political reform and to exert domestic agenda overseas
  • Manifest Destiny - US destined to stretch coast to coast
  • Social Darwinism - cultural racism, US culture the “fittest”
  • Paternalism - US parent teaching child nation
  • Strong military - allows a nation to influence world (e.g. Spanish Armada example given in Alfred Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1782)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spanish -American War

A
  • 20th April 1898
  • turning point - isolationist to imperialist
  • 16 week war - “Splendid Little War”
  • Teller Amendment allows US involvement to support Cuban independence, Philippines also rebel so US supports them too
  • Made need for Panama Canal apparent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

reasons for involvement in Spanish-American War

A
  • Economic - financial investment in Cuba (sugar industry)
  • Social - sympathy for Cuban rebels, concentration camps (humanitarian reasons)
  • Cultural - yellow journalism (propaganda + sensationalism)
  • Political/Nationalism - NY Journal published letter where Spanish Minister to US criticised President McKinley
  • Military - USS Maine sunk, yellow journalism blamed Spain (“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain”)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

results of Spanish-American War

A
  • Cuban independence with restrictions (1901 Platt Amendment ended military occupancy but gave US control over foreign policy, debts, security, Guantanamo Bay)
  • Puerto Rico and Guam given to US
  • US pays Spain $20million for Philippines
  • US foreign policy changed
  • US successfully annexed new territories
  • led to Panama Canal creation
  • Philippine war led to anti-imperialist sentiment
  • US commerce “must be with Asia”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

China + Open Door Policy

A
  • China controlled by spheres of influence = “sick old man of Asia”
  • US proposes Open Door Policy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Boxer Rebellion

A

-Chinese unhappy with spheres of influence, rebels crushed, US reaffirms trade will be open whilst Europe continues to exploit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

US annexation of Hawaii

A

-1893 businessmen overthrew queen, wanted annexation, Cleveland refused and tried to reinstate queen, McKinley officially annexes 1898

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

US and Latin America

A

-US continued to expand influence e.g. Cuba + Platt Amendment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Panama Canal

A

-Roosevelt helped Panama rebel when Colombia refused to build canal, completed 1914, 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave US complete control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Roosevelt Corollary

A

-1904
-amends Monroe Doctrine (US international police)
-‘Big Stick Diplomacy’
‘Watchful Waiting’ (US moral responsibility to stop Latin American governments that threaten US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why did US end policy of imperialism?

A
  • anti-imperialist sentiment since Philippines
  • fear foreign workers would take jobs
  • colonies need army (puts population at risk, high taxes needed)
  • racism (‘mongrelisation’)
  • Anti-Imperialist League
  • Wilson believed US should protect democracy not spread it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how US wasn’t completely neutral/isolationist under Wilson

A
  • demonstrated US intended to uphold Monroe Doctrine e.g. repealed 1912 Panama Canal Act + apologized to Colombia for Roosevelt’s actions
  • 1916 Jones Act gave Philippines more political autonomy
  • encouraged Chinese independence
  • failures - rebels in Haiti 1915, troops to Mexico but didnt want to commit to war so sent Argentina, Brazil + Chile, recognized Carranza’s government to avoid war
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

US non-intervention & ww1

A
  • neutral, isolationist at beginning if war
  • war profiteering - traded with powers at war as long as ports used for non military purposes, 1915-1916 traded more with Britain and France than Germany, Feb 1915 Germany used unrestricted warfare couldn’t guarantee safety of neutral ships (May 1915 Lusitania), Wilson trued to mediate a peace with Britain and Germany, Germany continued to attack merchant ships, signed Sussex Pledge 1916 to keep diplomatic relations with US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why did US enter ww1 and when?

A
  • 6th April 1917
  • Zimmerman Telegraph (German foreign minister invites Mexico to join war against US)
  • dinking of merchant ships (Sussex Pledge continuously broken by Germany)
  • “Wilson’s War” = a “war to end all wars”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

US contribution to WW1

A
  • 1917 Selective Service Act - 2.8 million men into military service (by armistice, 10,000 arriving in France daily, Germany couldn’t replace losses)
  • US Navy well developed
  • However used failed tactics other powers had abandoned early on (General Pershing)
  • US troops boosted morale and strengthened Allies strategic position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

US involvement In Peace treaties and war settlements

A
  • wanted “League of peace with international police power”

- 1918 Wilson’s Fourteen Point Plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

US refusal to join League

A
  • “irreconcilables” completely against League
  • Senate isolationist, Wilson tried to persuade
  • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge reservations to Article 10 of League Covenant
  • Harding 1920 “return to normalcy”
  • 16th January 1920 Wilson opened first Council of League and declared no further US involvement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Opposition to League

A
  • German immigrants resented Treaty
  • economic drive for isolationism
  • didnt want military involved in small conflicts around world (article 10)
  • anti-French/anti-British (against colonies/empires)
  • Ghost of Henry Cabot Lodge - unilateralists + anti-imperialists
  • Arrogant Obstinancy - Wilson’s supporters voted against League rather than accept Lodge’s reservations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1920s foreign policy

A
  • partial isolationism (Unilateralism -attempts to disarm and maintain peace) - Washington Conference 1921, Powers Agreements)
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact
  • trade + economy -1922 Fordney McCumber Tariff Act made foreign goods expensive, 1924 Dawes Plan tries to overcome issues
  • 1929 Young Plan reduce Germany reparations 20%
  • Great Depression 1929 - turning point- isolationism (no money to keep peace in Europe), dragged into 30s + impacted other countries
  • Good Neighbor Policy with Latin America (1934 Platt Amendment)
  • Neutrality Acts, ends policy of neutrality 1941
  • Pearl Harbour (turning point) US involved 1941
24
Q

When was Pearl Harbour?

A

7th December 1941

25
Q

US involvement with war in the Pacific

A
  • 1942 Battle of Midway - US airforce defeat Japanese Navy
  • 1945 Iwo Jima - US recaptured island Japan had control of
  • by 1945 nearly all Japanese conquests in Pacific recaptured
26
Q

VJ and war with Japan

A
  • Truman wanted to end war as quickly as possible
  • 6th & 9th August 1945 atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
  • Japan surrendered a week later
27
Q

D-Day + reopening of Western Front in Europe

A
  • US troops to Western Front after Pearl Harbour
  • Atlantic Charter 1941, Casablanca Conference 1943, Third Washington (Trident) Conference 1943, Quebec Conference 1943, Tehran Conference 1943
  • D-Day landings 1944
28
Q

US & post war Europe

A
  • 1945 foreign policy forever changed - US involved in world affairs
  • Relationship with Russia disintegrated until collapse of communism = Cold War (1945-1991)
29
Q

Nuclear weapon development and impact on Cold War

A
  • nuclear arms race
  • US used atomic bombs on Japan, developed H bomb 1952, Russia developed H bomb 1953
  • US New Look Policy “bigger bang for the buck” - Brinkmanship
  • 1961 enough missiles to destroy world - theory of MAD
30
Q

Stalin’s role + post war Europe

A
  • worked with US during war
  • desperate for Germany to not invade Russia again, needed Pro-Soviet buffer zone
  • 1948 controlled Eastern Europe (enforced communist economic policies, no freedom of speech)
  • distrusted West + Truman
31
Q

Truman’s role + post war Europe

A
  • little foreign policy experience
  • bragged to Stalin about atomic bombs at Potsdam August 1945 and ended conference early leaving Stalin under impression he could take over Eastern Europe
32
Q

Yalta + Potsdam effects on relations after ww2

A
  • allies collaborated most at Yalta
  • between Yalta + Potsdam, Truman (ignorant of foreign affairs) is sworn in and insults Molotov (Soviet foreign minister), defeating Hitler no longer common objective
  • disagreements at Potsdam, to leave and see atomic bonb Truman agreed Germany shouldn’t be treated as a single economic unit allowing Russia to exploit
33
Q

beginning of Cold War

A
  • Feb 1946 Stalin’s ‘Two Hostile Camps’ speech - capitalism made war inevitable
  • Kennan’s Long Telegram - Russia a threat
  • March 1946 Russia taken over most of Eastern Europe using salami tactics
  • Churchill’s Fulton speech - “iron curtain” - Stalin offended
34
Q

US economic involvement in Europe + Cold War

A
  • US directly involved in world affairs
  • March 1947 Truman Doctrine - stop spread of Communism
  • Marshall Plan 1947 - Molotov saw as American economic expansion, Russia introduces Cominform + Molotov Pact to make Eastern Europe dependent on Russia
35
Q

US policy of containment

A

-limit spread of Communism e.g Truman Doctrine + Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift 1948-1949, Korea 1950-1953, Vietnam 1955-1975, 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

36
Q

containment + Berlin

A
  • -Deutschmark introduced in West Berlin (East Germany) - Russia angered
  • Berlin Blockade 1948
  • Berlin Airlift 1948-1949
37
Q

consequences of Berlin Airlift

A
  • 1949 NATO - “keep the Russians out, Americans in, and the Germans down”
  • 1949 West German Republic (Adenaeuer), German Democratic Republic (Russia)
  • 1955 Warsaw Pact
  • 1961 Berlin Wall, Berlin divided until 1989
38
Q

Geneva Summit

A
  • attempt to establish a peace, majority of plans dismissed but improved diplomatic atmosphere
  • 1955, first meeting of major powers since Potsdam 1945
  • West Germany Hallstein Doctrine (didnt recognise East Germany)
39
Q

US involvement with Asia

A
  • foreign policy shift to Asia

- policy of Containment developed into Domino Theory - US involved in world affairs e.g. Korean and Vietnam wars

40
Q

US response to Communist China

A
  • tried to mediate peace but couldn’t stop civil war, wanted Nationalist party to win but didnt intervene, Communist Party won, didnt immediately recognise People’s Republic of China
  • 1958 “Two China’s Policy”
41
Q

why was US involved in Korean War?

A
  • superpowers combat each other without going into ‘hot war’ - Brinkmanship
  • North invades South 25th June 1950, UN defends South (88% of military US)
  • 1953 war ends, Containment worked
  • Chinwse government “soft on communism”
  • McCarthyism
  • 1958 “Two China’s Policy”
42
Q

why was US involved in Vietnam War?

A
  • previously helped French fight Ho Chi Minh
  • Minh (Communist North), Diem (South)
  • US support South but Diem’s reign unpopular, Communist NLF attacked South army + government building with Guerilla warfare
  • Gulf of Tonkin led to Tonkin Resolution, Johnson leads US into war
  • 1964 Operation Rolling Thunder
  • Minh didnt want conflict with US
43
Q

opposition to Vietnam war in US

A
  • first war to be televised - people witness horrors

- Mai Lai Massacre - national and international outrage

44
Q

Tet Offensive

A
  • turning point
  • NLF attack Saigon Embassy + captured main radio station, military success for US but shocked their confidence and showed NLF would fight to the last man meaning US couldn’t win
  • 1968 Nixon ‘Peace with Honour’, “Vietnamisation”
  • 1973 ceasefire between US, North + South
  • last US troops leave 29th March 1973, North defeats South 30th April 1975, Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City, Communist governments in Laos and Cambodia
45
Q

significance of Vietnam

A
  • US role of policeman + confidence undermined

- led to more openness with Communist countries

46
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • Castro overthrows Batista, nationalises industries (many controlled by US), Bay of Pigs, 1962 Cuba builds long range missile sites, naval blockade to stop Russian ships entering
  • Khrushchev + Kennedy end crisis 28th October 1962, missiles removed from Cuba, Kennedy removes missiles in Europe
47
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • Castro overthrows Batista, nationalises industries (many controlled by US), Bay of Pigs, 1962 Cuba builds long range missile sites, naval blockade to stop Russian ships entering
  • Khrushchev + Kennedy end crisis 28th October 1962, missiles removed from Cuba, Kennedy removes missiles in Europe
48
Q

results of Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • 1963 MOLINK
  • 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty (Russia, US, Britain)
  • no nuclear missiles in Cuba (still Communist)
  • containment but with coexistence
49
Q

Détente

A

-relaxation- tension between US and Russia reduced 1971-1979 & 1985-1991

50
Q

what events characterised détente 1971-1979

A
  • US withdraw from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia fell to Communism but no others (Domino Theory is wrong)
  • Nixon + Carter = peace makers, end Truman Doctrine
  • fear of nuclear war
  • growing disagreement between China and Russia, Sino-Soviet split, US relations with China improved (Ping-pong diplomacy 1970-1979, Rapprochement e.g Shanghai Communique 1972, reaffirmed 1977 but problems e.g. Tiananmen Square)
51
Q

1970’s détente

A
  • SALT 1 1969-1971, Treaty 1972 limits missile building
  • Helsinki Agreement - West accepts East if freedoms granted however Helsinki Accords not binding
  • relations strained 1979 Russia invades Afghanistan, US refuse to ratify SALT 2
52
Q

détente in crisis

A
  • relationship with Russia deteriorates 1970s

- Russia sent troops to Afghanistan, ignore 1981 UN request to leave, SALT talks end

53
Q

Moscow Olympics

A

-Carter led boycott (60 countries boycotted)

54
Q

Reagan

A
  • Russia = ‘evil empire’, anti-Communist
  • 1982 arms race intensified, 1983 Russia walks out of talks as US deploys intermediate range missiles and pushes for Star Wars Programme
55
Q

Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)

A

-1983 US plans for satellites in space to stop Soviet missiles, Russian technology can’t compete

56
Q

Renewed detente and collapse of communism

A
  • Reagan reelected 1984, US + China thrive strategically, economically + culturally
  • 1985 Gorbachev wanted detente with US, introduced glasnost and perestroika to improve Russian economy, needed Western tech to improve economy, military tech behind US
  • summits between Russia and US - 1985 Geneva, 1988 INF (get rid of short + medium range missiles), 1991 START (reduce nuclear weapon stockpiles by 30%, pens made of scrapped missiles - symbolic)
  • Glasnost led to freedom of speech, “Iron Curtain” countries rejected communism, 1989 Russia lost satellite states + Berlin Wall taken down (marked end of Cold War), Germany reunifued 1990 (Kohl)
  • Gorbachev resigned 1991, Communist flag lowered over Kremlin for last time

US History Foreign Relations (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions