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Psychology (Development) > Freud > Flashcards

Freud Flashcards

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0
Q

What kind of psychoanalysis developed in these historical conditions?

A

Anti-Semitic SENTIMENT-PSYCHOANALYSIS developed

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1
Q

What were most of the early psychoanalysis pioneers

A

European Jewish - suffered persecution and discrimination

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2
Q

To Jewish people, what did psychoanalysis become?

A

A form of religion

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3
Q

Freud’s socio-historical location? (Birth? Birthplace? Parents? Other?)

A 
6 May? 1856 - 1939 23 September 
Austria: Freiberg, Moravia -Austria 
Jacob (39) Amalia (19)
Freud's unusual family and achieve "greatness" 
- neurology and cocaine
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4
Q

Freud’s early influences?

A 
Jean-Martin Charcot (hypnotism and hysteria) 
Josef Breuer (talking cure and Anna O)
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5
Q

Domain of development? (Psychoanalysis)

A

Focus of analysis- INDIVIDUAL
Socio-emotional development - development of the self: PERSONALITY
The role of BIOLOGY in the creation of the individual
PATHOLOGY - neuroses and defence

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6
Q

Assumptions? (7)

A

Psychodynamic, conflict, unconscious, Eros&Thanatos, early experience, defence, metaphorical

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7
Q

Psychodynamic assumption?

A

Processes are always in motion

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8
Q

Conflict assumption?

A

Between competing pressures within the personality and from external world

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9
Q

Unconscious assumption?

A

The unconscious has a major role in determining behaviour

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10
Q

Eros and Thanatos assumption?

A

Life (sexual) and death (aggressive) instincts

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11
Q

Early experience assumption?

A

Central influence on how the personality is developed

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12
Q

Defence (soldiers) assumption?

A

There are things about every person that are threatening to him/her

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13
Q

Metaphorical assumption?

A

The quality of analogy or metaphor features prominently

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14
Q

Method? (Psychoanalysis)

A

Free association, dream analysis, transference, interpretation and understanding metaphor, slips of the tongue

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15
Q

Explanatory exposition? (Psychoanalysis)

A 
Complimentary models 
Life & death instincts 
Anxiety (reality, moral, neurotic)
Ego defence mechanisms 
Stage theory of development (Oedipus complex, penis envy, castration anxiety, identification, differences in infantile and adult sexuality)
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16
Q

Models of mind?

A

Complementary models (structure and topography both need to be functioning well in order to maintain HOMEOSTASIS)

  • structural model (components of personality -Id, ego, superego)
  • topographical model (layers of consciousness -con, pre, un)
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17
Q

Topographical model of complementary model?

A

Conscious mind - present awareness
Preconscious mind - outside awareness but accessible
Unconscious mind - not accessible

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18
Q

Structural model of the complementary model?

A

Ego - executive mediator
Superego - internalised ideals
Id - unconscious psychic energy

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19
Q

The ID of the structural model?

A
  • composed of biological, instinctual drives
  • innate (born with it)
  • seeks immediate, indiscriminate gratification
  • source of all mental energy
  • obeys the pleasure principle (pleasure is good and nothing else matters)
  • gratification urges body to homeostasis
  • libido - biological force/energy underlying pleasure-seeking activity
  • Thanatos - the death instinct
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20
Q

Ego of the structural model?

A
  • organised, rational, reality-orientated system
  • develops first 2 years of life as infant experiences reality
  • holds ID in check until suitable object is found
  • helps ID achieve gratification within confines of reality
  • prevents ID drives from violating superego principles
  • obeys reality principle: behaviour takes into account the external world
21
Q

Superego within the structural model?

A
  • learnt
  • inhibits ID urges
  • strives for perfection
  • “irrational” - operates on extremes (good or bad)
  • developed through rewards and punishment
  • conscious - right or wrong
  • formed around age 5 via Oedipal complex resolution
22
Q

Structural and topographical

A

EGO - con,pre,un - psychological component/reality principle/secondary process thing (reality testing)
ID - un - biological component/pleasure principle/primary process thinking (wish fulfilment)
SUPEREGO - con,pre,un - social component/moral imperatives/contains the conscious and the EGO IDEAL

23
Q

Life and death instincts?

A

Eros - life and sexual instincts (libido) / survival, reproductive, pleasure

Thanatos - death instinct (aggression) / the goal of life is death

24
Q

Anxiety assumption?

A

Anxiety emerges on the interaction with the ffg

  • reality - caused by real, objective sources of danger in the env
  • moral - fear that the person will do something contrary to the superego, and thus experience guilt
  • neurotic - fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego, do something for which will be punished
25
Q

Stage theory of development assumption?

A
  • qualitatively different; transitions
  • psychosexual
  • erogenous zone
  • fixation
  • oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital (OAPLG)
  • central role of early experience in the creation of the self
26
Q

Psychosexual stages of development?

A 
Oral stage - birth to 18months 
Anal stage - 18m to 2yrs
Phallic stage - 3yrs to 5yrs
Latency stage - 5yrs to puberty 
Genial stage - puberty onwards
27
Q

Oral stage of the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Birth to 18 months

  • infants interaction with the world occurs ORALLY (through feeding)
  • mouth becomes a source of pleasure
  • sexual activity is not separated from ingestion of food yet
  • GOAL of this stage is WEANING (for child to become independent from mother)
  • personality traits emerge from the quality of this stages resolution
28
Q

Goal and resolution of the oral stage?

A

GOAL of this stage is WEANING (for child to become independent from mother)

  • personality traits emerge from the quality of this stages resolution
  • –> dependence-independence, trust-mistrust, optimism-pessimism
  • unsatisfactory resolution - fixation with negative aspects
29
Q

“Oral characters”

A

Relate to the world orally

  • preoccupation with oral pleasure - eating disorders, oral types of sexuality, kissing, etc…
  • other bhvrs: smoking, substance abuse, nail biting
30
Q

Anal stage of the psychosexual stage of development?

A

18months to 2 years

  • anus -erogenous zone
  • aim of stage is to eject the object/destroy it/be done with it
  • stage in which the child conceded to parental demands - thus gives faeces to parent as a gift
  • involves reward/punishment which influences the child’s productivity & creativity as an adult
31
Q

Anal stage resolutions?

A

Child can also hold back faeces (understanding his/her own control)

  • consequences may lead to NEGATIVE PARENTAL REACTIONS (scolding, punishment)
  • > child may react in two ways:
    1. ANAL RETENTIVE TRAITS develop
    2. ANAL EXPULSIVE TRAITS develop
32
Q

Anal retentive traits?

A

When child withholds stools (e.g. Excessive orderliness, stinginess or stubbornness)

33
Q

Anal Expulsive traits?

A

Rebels through forceful excretion (e.g. Cruelty, hostility, messy)

34
Q

Phallic stage of psychosexual stages of development?

A

3 years to 5 years

  • through urination and washing of genital areas children notice pleasure assoc. with these body parts
  • infantile masturbation - experienced pleasurable stimulation without orgasm
  • sexual objects - focused on one external object - primary caregiver
  • Oedipus and Electra complex - occurs - needs to be negotiated successfully
35
Q

Phallic stage cont…

A
  • drive of knowledge emerges for boys- thru its proneness to excitement and many sensations
  • children are curious re. Anatomical sexual differences
    –> SCOPOPHILIC DRIVE emerges - see others sexual organs
    This manifests in:
    1. Exhibitionism - desire to show genitals
    2. Voyeurism - desire to see others naked
36
Q

Castration anxiety and penis envy

A

Boys believe that everyone else possess a penis and lose their penis
(For boys) castration anxiety - literal/figurative fear that he will lose his penis/manhood
(For girls) penis envy - desire to possess a penis, attain masculine status

37
Q

Identification (psychosexual stages)

A

In phallic stage

- child adopts characteristics of same sex parent

38
Q

Latency stage in psychosexual stages of development?

A
  • resolution of phallic stage - the child enters a period of calmness (sexual & aggressive instincts inactive thru defences)
  • DEFENCES/repression/sublimation
  • this stage - culture (nurture) plays a larger role in development
39
Q

Defences

A
  • protect ego from real/imagined threat
  • keeps unconscious material out of conscious awareness
  • channels/controls forces which may lead to neurosis or psychosis
  • thus these (neurosis & psychosis) occur when there is a breakdown in defences
40
Q

Repression

A

(Basic/foundational)
- keeps disturbing/unacceptable impulses away from the conscious part of the mind, e.g. Forget events from traumatic experiences

41
Q

Sublimation

A

The ability to direct libidinal energies towards socially acceptable ways, like art, etc…

42
Q

Ego defence mechanisms

A

Identification,
projection,
rationalisation,
intellectualisation

43
Q

Identification defence

A

Ego defence mechanism

Unconscious internalisation of others’ personality characteristics (admired or envied)

44
Q

Projection

A

Ego defence mechanism

Transferring one’s own feelings/thoughts onto others

45
Q

Rationalisation

A

Ego defence mechanism

Retrospective justification - provide acceptable motives

46
Q

Intellectualisation

A

Ego defence mechanism

Using intellectual concepts/words - avoid exp. emotions

47
Q

Gentian stage of psychosexual stage of development

A

Puberty onwards

  • with puberty - sexual and aggressive urges influence
  • conflicts from earlier stages may reoccur here
  • sexual identity is prominent within social prohibitions
  • physiological changes (menstruation/erection)
  • this stage is NB for how adult sexuality will manifest
48
Q

Genial stage - if all prior psychosexual stages have been negotiated and no strong fixations exist…

A
  • the indi should enter this stage with sex instincts - powerfully focused on the genitals
  • sexual instincts are directed towards a particular sexual object
  • separate and partial component instincts of various Ero zones combine in subordination to the primary of the genital some
  • overarching sexual aimntonpenetrative genital sexual intercourse reaching orgasm
49
Q

Criticisms of psychoanalysis

A
  • internally inconsistent
  • male chauvinism and patriarchy
  • overemphasis on sexual and the unconscious motivations
  • pessimistic about human nature
  • equating the ultimate state of happiness with a tension-free state
  • lifespan
50
Q

Contributions?

A
  • demonstrating the importance of anxiety as a determinant of bhvr
  • psychological and physiological origins of disorders
  • childhood conflicts have lifelong consequences
  • ways in which we defend ourselves against anxiety
  • same processes are involved in normal and abnormal bhvr
  • therapeutic technique
  • religion, philosophy, art, eduction, literature

Psychology (Development) (5 decks)

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