Freud Flashcards
What kind of psychoanalysis developed in these historical conditions?
Anti-Semitic SENTIMENT-PSYCHOANALYSIS developed
What were most of the early psychoanalysis pioneers
European Jewish - suffered persecution and discrimination
To Jewish people, what did psychoanalysis become?
A form of religion
Freud’s socio-historical location? (Birth? Birthplace? Parents? Other?)
6 May? 1856 - 1939 23 September Austria: Freiberg, Moravia -Austria Jacob (39) Amalia (19) Freud's unusual family and achieve "greatness" - neurology and cocaine
Freud’s early influences?
Jean-Martin Charcot (hypnotism and hysteria) Josef Breuer (talking cure and Anna O)
Domain of development? (Psychoanalysis)
Focus of analysis- INDIVIDUAL
Socio-emotional development - development of the self: PERSONALITY
The role of BIOLOGY in the creation of the individual
PATHOLOGY - neuroses and defence
Assumptions? (7)
Psychodynamic, conflict, unconscious, Eros&Thanatos, early experience, defence, metaphorical
Psychodynamic assumption?
Processes are always in motion
Conflict assumption?
Between competing pressures within the personality and from external world
Unconscious assumption?
The unconscious has a major role in determining behaviour
Eros and Thanatos assumption?
Life (sexual) and death (aggressive) instincts
Early experience assumption?
Central influence on how the personality is developed
Defence (soldiers) assumption?
There are things about every person that are threatening to him/her
Metaphorical assumption?
The quality of analogy or metaphor features prominently
Method? (Psychoanalysis)
Free association, dream analysis, transference, interpretation and understanding metaphor, slips of the tongue
Explanatory exposition? (Psychoanalysis)
Complimentary models Life & death instincts Anxiety (reality, moral, neurotic) Ego defence mechanisms Stage theory of development (Oedipus complex, penis envy, castration anxiety, identification, differences in infantile and adult sexuality)
Models of mind?
Complementary models (structure and topography both need to be functioning well in order to maintain HOMEOSTASIS)
- structural model (components of personality -Id, ego, superego)
- topographical model (layers of consciousness -con, pre, un)
Topographical model of complementary model?
Conscious mind - present awareness
Preconscious mind - outside awareness but accessible
Unconscious mind - not accessible
Structural model of the complementary model?
Ego - executive mediator
Superego - internalised ideals
Id - unconscious psychic energy
The ID of the structural model?
- composed of biological, instinctual drives
- innate (born with it)
- seeks immediate, indiscriminate gratification
- source of all mental energy
- obeys the pleasure principle (pleasure is good and nothing else matters)
- gratification urges body to homeostasis
- libido - biological force/energy underlying pleasure-seeking activity
- Thanatos - the death instinct
Ego of the structural model?
- organised, rational, reality-orientated system
- develops first 2 years of life as infant experiences reality
- holds ID in check until suitable object is found
- helps ID achieve gratification within confines of reality
- prevents ID drives from violating superego principles
- obeys reality principle: behaviour takes into account the external world
Superego within the structural model?
- learnt
- inhibits ID urges
- strives for perfection
- “irrational” - operates on extremes (good or bad)
- developed through rewards and punishment
- conscious - right or wrong
- formed around age 5 via Oedipal complex resolution
Structural and topographical
EGO - con,pre,un - psychological component/reality principle/secondary process thing (reality testing)
ID - un - biological component/pleasure principle/primary process thinking (wish fulfilment)
SUPEREGO - con,pre,un - social component/moral imperatives/contains the conscious and the EGO IDEAL
Life and death instincts?
Eros - life and sexual instincts (libido) / survival, reproductive, pleasure
Thanatos - death instinct (aggression) / the goal of life is death
Anxiety assumption?
Anxiety emerges on the interaction with the ffg
- reality - caused by real, objective sources of danger in the env
- moral - fear that the person will do something contrary to the superego, and thus experience guilt
- neurotic - fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego, do something for which will be punished
Stage theory of development assumption?
- qualitatively different; transitions
- psychosexual
- erogenous zone
- fixation
- oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital (OAPLG)
- central role of early experience in the creation of the self
Psychosexual stages of development?
Oral stage - birth to 18months Anal stage - 18m to 2yrs Phallic stage - 3yrs to 5yrs Latency stage - 5yrs to puberty Genial stage - puberty onwards
Oral stage of the psychosexual stages of development?
Birth to 18 months
- infants interaction with the world occurs ORALLY (through feeding)
- mouth becomes a source of pleasure
- sexual activity is not separated from ingestion of food yet
- GOAL of this stage is WEANING (for child to become independent from mother)
- personality traits emerge from the quality of this stages resolution
Goal and resolution of the oral stage?
GOAL of this stage is WEANING (for child to become independent from mother)
- personality traits emerge from the quality of this stages resolution
- –> dependence-independence, trust-mistrust, optimism-pessimism
- unsatisfactory resolution - fixation with negative aspects
“Oral characters”
Relate to the world orally
- preoccupation with oral pleasure - eating disorders, oral types of sexuality, kissing, etc…
- other bhvrs: smoking, substance abuse, nail biting
Anal stage of the psychosexual stage of development?
18months to 2 years
- anus -erogenous zone
- aim of stage is to eject the object/destroy it/be done with it
- stage in which the child conceded to parental demands - thus gives faeces to parent as a gift
- involves reward/punishment which influences the child’s productivity & creativity as an adult
Anal stage resolutions?
Child can also hold back faeces (understanding his/her own control)
- consequences may lead to NEGATIVE PARENTAL REACTIONS (scolding, punishment)
- > child may react in two ways:
1. ANAL RETENTIVE TRAITS develop
2. ANAL EXPULSIVE TRAITS develop
Anal retentive traits?
When child withholds stools (e.g. Excessive orderliness, stinginess or stubbornness)
Anal Expulsive traits?
Rebels through forceful excretion (e.g. Cruelty, hostility, messy)
Phallic stage of psychosexual stages of development?
3 years to 5 years
- through urination and washing of genital areas children notice pleasure assoc. with these body parts
- infantile masturbation - experienced pleasurable stimulation without orgasm
- sexual objects - focused on one external object - primary caregiver
- Oedipus and Electra complex - occurs - needs to be negotiated successfully
Phallic stage cont…
- drive of knowledge emerges for boys- thru its proneness to excitement and many sensations
- children are curious re. Anatomical sexual differences
–> SCOPOPHILIC DRIVE emerges - see others sexual organs
This manifests in:
1. Exhibitionism - desire to show genitals
2. Voyeurism - desire to see others naked
Castration anxiety and penis envy
Boys believe that everyone else possess a penis and lose their penis
(For boys) castration anxiety - literal/figurative fear that he will lose his penis/manhood
(For girls) penis envy - desire to possess a penis, attain masculine status
Identification (psychosexual stages)
In phallic stage
- child adopts characteristics of same sex parent
Latency stage in psychosexual stages of development?
- resolution of phallic stage - the child enters a period of calmness (sexual & aggressive instincts inactive thru defences)
- DEFENCES/repression/sublimation
- this stage - culture (nurture) plays a larger role in development
Defences
- protect ego from real/imagined threat
- keeps unconscious material out of conscious awareness
- channels/controls forces which may lead to neurosis or psychosis
- thus these (neurosis & psychosis) occur when there is a breakdown in defences
Repression
(Basic/foundational)
- keeps disturbing/unacceptable impulses away from the conscious part of the mind, e.g. Forget events from traumatic experiences
Sublimation
The ability to direct libidinal energies towards socially acceptable ways, like art, etc…
Ego defence mechanisms
Identification,
projection,
rationalisation,
intellectualisation
Identification defence
Ego defence mechanism
Unconscious internalisation of others’ personality characteristics (admired or envied)
Projection
Ego defence mechanism
Transferring one’s own feelings/thoughts onto others
Rationalisation
Ego defence mechanism
Retrospective justification - provide acceptable motives
Intellectualisation
Ego defence mechanism
Using intellectual concepts/words - avoid exp. emotions
Gentian stage of psychosexual stage of development
Puberty onwards
- with puberty - sexual and aggressive urges influence
- conflicts from earlier stages may reoccur here
- sexual identity is prominent within social prohibitions
- physiological changes (menstruation/erection)
- this stage is NB for how adult sexuality will manifest
Genial stage - if all prior psychosexual stages have been negotiated and no strong fixations exist…
- the indi should enter this stage with sex instincts - powerfully focused on the genitals
- sexual instincts are directed towards a particular sexual object
- separate and partial component instincts of various Ero zones combine in subordination to the primary of the genital some
- overarching sexual aimntonpenetrative genital sexual intercourse reaching orgasm
Criticisms of psychoanalysis
- internally inconsistent
- male chauvinism and patriarchy
- overemphasis on sexual and the unconscious motivations
- pessimistic about human nature
- equating the ultimate state of happiness with a tension-free state
- lifespan
Contributions?
- demonstrating the importance of anxiety as a determinant of bhvr
- psychological and physiological origins of disorders
- childhood conflicts have lifelong consequences
- ways in which we defend ourselves against anxiety
- same processes are involved in normal and abnormal bhvr
- therapeutic technique
- religion, philosophy, art, eduction, literature
