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Environmental Science 2000 > Freshwater resources and resources > Flashcards

Freshwater resources and resources Flashcards

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1
Q

what types of water bodies carry water and sediment toward the ocean

A

rivers and streams

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2
Q

how do rivers and streams modify landscapes

A

by erosion and deposition

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3
Q

five main wetland classes are

A
  1. marshes
  2. bogs
  3. swamps
  4. fens
  5. shallow-water wetlands
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4
Q

what do wetlands provide us with

A

ecosystem services and diverse habitats

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5
Q

what are lakes

A

open and standing bodies of surface water

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5
Q

what are the different categorized zones of a lake

A
  1. littoral
  2. limnetic
  3. benthic
    (4. profundal zone)
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5
Q

where does ground water reside in

A

the pore spaces and cracks of subsurface aquifers

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6
Q

where is ground water replenished

A

in recharge zones by precipitation and infiltration

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7
Q

where does ground water flow out to join surface water bodies

A

at discharge zones

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8
Q

how does diversion or withdrawal of water from surface water bodies affect the environment

A

Reduction in flow alters ecology of lower river by changing plant communities, wiping out fish populations

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9
Q

what part of the river does diversions affect the most

A

downstream

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10
Q

what are some types of channel interventions for flood control

A
  1. levees
  2. floodways
  3. dikes
  4. dams
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11
Q

what is the international agreement to protect wetlands

A

the Ramsar Convention

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12
Q

why have wetlands been aggressively drained and filled-in

A

agriculture, costal development and other activities

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13
Q

what is the biggest use of water

A

agriculture

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14
Q

why are agricultural practices the biggest use of water

A

primarily based on inefficient irrigation systems which waste large amounts of water

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15
Q

why is ground water hard to monitor

A

because it is hidden from view

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16
Q

why are groundwater aquifers often easy to deplete

A

because they have a very slow rate of recharge (they fill up slowly after water flows out)

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17
Q

what are the two solutions to address the depletion of fresh water

A
  1. increase supply (ex. piping in water from areas where it is abundant)
  2. decrease demand (ex. by stressing conservation and efficiency)
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18
Q

what is the only way to “make” more fresh water

A

desalination (but it’s expensive)

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19
Q

what is a way to reduce the water used by agriculture

A

more efficient irrigation (like high-efficiency irrigation that directs just the right amount of water on plant’s roots)

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20
Q

how can household water be reduced

A

1.eating less meat
2. installing water-efficient toilets
3. smart watering (water grass at night)

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21
Q

what are the two sources of water pollution

A
  1. point sources
  2. non-point sources
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22
Q

what are some examples of common pollutants

A
  1. excessive nutrients
  2. microbial pathogens
  3. toxic chemicals
  4. sediment and thermal pollution
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23
Q

what types of indicators do scientists use to monitor water quality

A
  1. biological
  2. physical
  3. chemical
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24
Q

examples of indicators used for water quality analysis

A
  1. turbidity
  2. hardness
  3. pH
  4. fecal coliform bacteria
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25
Q

true or false
ground water faces different types and sources of pollution than surface waters

A

false - face the same types and sources

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26
Q

what distinguishes groundwater pollution from surface water pollution

A

groundwater pollution is much harder to detect and treat

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27
Q

what is believed about the Fisheries Act in Canada

A

recent changes in the act have reduced the protection of aquatic systems and habitats

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28
Q

do many people worldwide still lack access to improved and clean drinking water

A

YES - almost a billion worldwide

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29
Q

what is the better remediation solution for water pollution

A

preventing the pollution from happening instead of trying to fix it afterwards

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30
Q

what are used to treat waste water in rural areas

A

septic systems

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31
Q

what is the effluent produced after waste water treatment used for

A

urban irrigation

groundwater recharge

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32
Q

what are two types of approaches to ground water remediation

A
  1. in-situ remediation
  2. pump-and-treat remediation
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33
Q

is fresh water abundant on earth

A

no - only makes up about 2.5% of water on earth

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34
Q

where does 97.5% of water reside on earth

A

in the oceans - too salty to drink

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35
Q

how do reservoirs in the water cycle differ

A

○ amounts of water stored and transmitted

○ How long they hold water in storage

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36
Q

describe the residence time for a larger reservoir

A

it is much longer than a smaller reservoir

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37
Q

is freshwater distributed evenly or unevenly around the world

A

unevenly (a reason dams and irrigation was created)

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38
Q

how will climate change affect the hydrologic cycle and global access to water

A

○ Altering precipitation patterns
○ Melting glaciers and permafrost
○ Intensifying droughts and floods
○ Decreasing river flows
○ Lowering groundwater levels
- Raising sea levels

39
Q

how are streams, creeks and brooks formed

A

when rain, snowmelt and springs run downhill and converge where land dips lowest

40
Q

what bodies of water eventually merge into rivers

A

Streams, creeks and brooks

41
Q

what body of water carry water to the oceans

A

rivers

42
Q

tributary

A

smaller river flowing into a larger one

43
Q

drainage basin (watershed)

A

area of land drained by a river and all its tributaries

44
Q

floodplain

A
  • The flat areas nearest to the river’s course that are flooded periodically
45
Q

Riparian (aka riverside)

A

Relating to a river or the area along a river

46
Q

describe the biodiversity along a riparian

A

species rich and productive forests

47
Q

will changes upstream affect the communities and water downstream

A

yes

48
Q

wetlands

A

Systems that combine elements of freshwater and dry land are rich and productive

49
Q

what are 3 things wetlands are characterized by

A

○ Presence of water (not always standing water and not always year round)

○ Soils are water-saturated

  • Water is typically freshwater
50
Q

biological importance of a wetland

A

Extremely valuable habitat for wildlife as it offers diverse assortment of habitats and niches

51
Q

what type of wetland is this:

Shallow water allows grasses and seasonal herbaceous plants to grow above the water’s surface where water levels fluctuate daily, seasonally or annually

A

marsh

52
Q

what type of wetland is this:

Shallow, standing water that is rich in vegetation that occur in forested or wooded areas

A

swamp

53
Q

what type of wetland is this:

Peatlands were the water table is at or just below the surface that have poor mineralized soils since they rely of precipitation for water replenishment

A

bog

54
Q

what type of wetland is this:

Contains open, standing or flowing water that is less than 2 m deep and are usually Transitional between permanent, deep bodies of water (lakes) and the other types of wetlands

A

Shallow open water

55
Q

Ground water

A

Water held in aquifers underground

56
Q

Aquifers

A

Porous formations of rock, sand or gravel that hold water

56
Q

zone of aeration vs zone of saturation

A

zone of aeration
- Upper layer of an aquifer that consist of rock or sediments where the pores are partly filled with water

zone of saturation
- lower layer of an aquifer where spaces or pores are completely filled with water

57
Q

aquifer recharge zone

A

recharge zone
Any area where water infiltrates the surface, percolates downwards and reaches an aquifer below = fills it up

58
Q

Two categories of aquifer

A

confined aquifer vs unconfined aquifer

59
Q

confined vs nonconfined aquifer

A

confined
- Exists when a water-bearing porous layer of rock, sand or gravel is trapped between overlying and underlying layers of less permeable substrate (lots of pressure on water)

non-confined
- Has no impermeable layers that confine it and the water is under less pressure and can readily be recharged by surface water

60
Q

Diversions

A

The rerouting of water from its natural river channel or drainage by means of built structures

61
Q

consumptive use vs non-consumptive use for consumption of fresh water

A

consumptive use
Removing water from an aquifer or surface water body without returning it

non-consumptive use
Does not remove, or temporarily removes, water from an aquifer or surface water body

62
Q

where are consequences of diversions the most felt

A

downstream

63
Q

Channelization

A

Artificial, engineered modifications of river channels

64
Q

why are dams built

A

○ to prevent floods

○ Provide drinking water

Generate electricity

65
Q

benefits and drawbacks of dams

A

benefits
○ Facilitated transportation
○ Flood control
○ Power generation
○ Drinking water
○ Crop irrigation

drawbacks
○ Costly
○ Submerge archeological sites
○ Filing of the reservoir can flood cities and displace people
○ Habitat alteration
- Risk of failure

66
Q

what is a negative impact from increasing supply in terms of the issue of water depletion

A

taking fresh water away from where it is plentiful can negatively impact the natural habitats its taken from

67
Q

Desalinization

A

Removal of salt from sea water or other water of marginal quality

68
Q

why is desalinization not an ideal solution to fresh water crises

A

Desalination is expensive, needs large inputs of fossil fuels and generates concentrated salty waste

69
Q

Point source pollution vs non-point source pollution

A

Point source
- Water pollution emitted in discrete locations (factory outflow, sewer pipes)

non-point source
- Water pollution emitted from multiple cumulative inputs over larger areas (farms, city streets…)

70
Q

nutrient pollution often refers to

A

algal blooms

(Excess phosphorus enters surface water and fertilizes algae and aquatic plants which boosts their populations and growth = algae cover the water’s surface which deprive deeper-water plants of sunlight)

71
Q

what does thermal water pollution refer to

A

As temp rises = water’s ability to hold dissolved oxygen decreases
(Rising temps of water will affect which aquatic species can survive waters with less oxygen)

72
Q

Waste water

A

Water that has been used by people in some way
(Carrying sewage, Water from showers, sinks and washing machines, Stormwater runoff)

73
Q

what is the most popular method of waste water disposal

A

septic system

73
Q

Effluent

A

treated waste water

74
Q

primary treatment vs secondary treatment for wastewater

A

primary treatment
- The physical removal of contaminants in settling tanks or clarifiers
(removes 60% of suspended solids)

secondary treatment
- Water is stirred and aerated so that aerobic bacteria degrade organic pollutants (removes 90% of suspended solids)

75
Q

Sludge

A

Solid material removed from the waste water during the treatment process

76
Q

LNAPLs vs DNAPLs contaminants

A

LNAPLs
- Light non-aqueous phase liquids where contaminants float on top of the water
(Oil)

DNAPLs
- Dense non aqueous phase liquids
where contaminants do not float on the top of ground water but will sink or mix with the ground water

77
Q

Three categories of groundwater remediation technologies

A

physical (Remediation technology for LNAPLs that includes vacuuming, skimming and air sparging)

chemical (Remediation technology for DNAPLs that includes Carbon filtering)

biological (Remediation for in situ groundwater remediation and often includes introduction of microorganisms into the contaminated ground water)

78
Q

what is the greatest usage of fresh water (globally)

A

agriculture (about 70%)

79
Q

describe the soils in a floodplain

A

soils are fertile due to frequent deposition of silt

80
Q

importance of wetlands

A
  • reduce flooding
  • recharge aquifers
  • filter pollutants
  • valuable habitat for wildlife
81
Q

why have people drained wetlands

A

for agricultural purpose

82
Q

oligotrophic vs eutrophic

A

oligotrophic
- have low nutrient and high oxygen conditions

eutrophic
- have nigh nutrient and low oxygen concentration

83
Q

inland freshwater seas

A

large lakes that hold so much water that their biota is adapted to open water

84
Q

how does ground water become surface water

A

through springs or human-drilled wells

85
Q

dam

A

any obstruction placed in stream or river to block flow or water so water can be stored in a reservoir

86
Q

why have wetlands been drained over the years

A
  • seen as useless swamps
  • promote settling and farming
87
Q

what can overirrigation lead to

A
  • waterlogging soil
  • salinization
  • lost of farming income
88
Q

water mining

A

the withdraw of water faster than it can be replenished

89
Q

what has the depletion of fresh water led to

A

shortages of fresh water which lead to the potential of conflicts

90
Q

alternative methods for creating fresh water

A

distillation
- hastens evaporation and condenses the vapor

reverse osmosis
- forces water through membranes to remove filter out solids

91
Q

where does nutrient pollution come from

A
  1. fertilizers
  2. farms
  3. sewage
  4. lawns
  5. golf courses
92
Q

solutions to nutrient pollution

A
  1. sewage treatment
  2. treating wastewater
  3. reduce fertilizer use
  4. phosphate-free detergents
93
Q

pathogen and water diseases solutions

A
  • treat sewage
  • disinfect drinking water
94
Q

what causes pathogen and water disease pollution

A

Environmental Science 2000 (10 decks)

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