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Freshwater Ecology > Freshwater Ecology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Freshwater Ecology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

limnology

A

the study of lentic systems

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2
Q

freshwater

A

watre without salt

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3
Q

lentic

A

standing water such as lakes or ponds

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4
Q

lotic

A

moving water such as streams or rivers

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5
Q

withdrawal

A

freshwater taken from ground or surface water sources, either permanently or temporarily, and conveyed to a place of use

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6
Q

Residence time

A

the amount of time a given amount of water spends in a system of water

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7
Q

Groundwater

A

water that comes from the ground, usually in soil or in pores and crevices or rocks

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8
Q

applied limnology

A

attempts to predict how aquatic system will respond to various uses, deals with multi use aquatic systema and large bodies of water with economic use

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9
Q

covalent bond

A

between H and O; sharing electrons

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10
Q

hydrogen bond

A

O atoms have a slight (1) negative charge and H atoms have a slight (+) charge; very cohesive, very stable environment

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11
Q

density

A

mass per unit of volume

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12
Q

cohesion

A

waters tendency to stick to itself

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13
Q

Adhesion

A

waters ability to stick to other polarized surfaces

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14
Q

Adsorption

A

the process of binding or sticking to a surface

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15
Q

Viscosity

A

resistance to flow

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16
Q

Specific heat

A

amount of heat needed to make 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

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17
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

amount of energy it takes to turn matter into its gas form; high for water due to amount of H bonds

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18
Q

latent heat of sublimation

A

temp it takes to turn solid directly into a gas

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19
Q

latent heat of fusion

A

temp required to turn ice into water

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20
Q

Dielectric constant

A

a measure of the ability of a substance to store electric energy in an electrical field, high in water, makes water a good solvent for salts

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21
Q

surface tension

A

where water meets air, what causes it to resist a force

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22
Q

endorheic lake

A

a closed lake with no outflow

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23
Q

exorheic lake

A

an open basin lake with outflow via stream or seepage

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24
Q

kettle lakes

A

a lake formed by the melting of a detached piece of glacial ice, common on nutrient rich soil, productive lakes

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25
Q

ice scour lake

A

type of lake formed on area of land gouged by glacial movement, typically nutrient poor, most abundant type of lake

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26
Q

cirque lake

A

type of lake formed in mountain bowl from melting mountain glacier

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27
Q

tectonic lake

A

type of lake formed where land has warped due to tectonic activity, largest freshwater lakes are this type

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28
Q

Coastal lake

A

lake formed along the coast where a spit or bar has built up, most remain brackish, may become freshwater by flushing from inflowing streams

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29
Q

riverine lake

A

lake that gets cut off from a rivers active flow, common on lower latitudes, “oxbow” “billabong”

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30
Q

volcanic lake

A

lake formed in a volcanic crater after an eruption or due to lava dam in river

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31
Q

Karst lake

A

type of lake formed in basin of highly soluable rock

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32
Q

Man-made lake

A

lake created by human activity

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33
Q

beaver lake

A

beavers create dames the create lakes

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34
Q

POM

A

Particulate organic matter

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35
Q

DOM

A

Dissolved organic matter

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36
Q

Photic zone

A

the upper layer of water where light is sufficiently available to enable photosynthesis

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37
Q

Aphotic zone

A

the portion of the water column without sufficient light for photosynthesis

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38
Q

Compensation depth

A

the point of equilibrium for respiration and photosynthesis

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39
Q

Turbidity

A

how much POM is in water

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40
Q

light attenuation

A

the reduction in intensity of the light beam with respect to distance travelled through a transmission medium; how far light can travel through the water

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41
Q

Hypoxia

A

low levels of oxygen in water so that it cannot support life

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42
Q

anoxia

A

lakes that have no oxygen or extremely low levels

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43
Q

Light extinction

A

the point at which light disappears all together

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44
Q

oligotrophic

A

low levels of nutrients in lakes

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45
Q

mesotrophic

A

moderate levels of nutrient sin lakes

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46
Q

eutrophic

A

high levels of nutrients in lakes

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47
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

eutrophication caused by human activity such as farming fertilizers, sewage, build up of chemicals, seepage

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48
Q

productivity

A

how well a lake can maintain life

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49
Q

littoral zone

A

the area of a lake that supports plant life

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50
Q

pelagic zone

A

water that is not a part of the bottom or the top region of the water column

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51
Q

Epilimnion

A

upper layer of water on surface, often turbulent, in contact with atmosphere primary production dominates here due to available light

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52
Q

metalimnion

A

transtion zone between upper and lower layers, temperature radient, thermocline

53
Q

hypolimnion

A

lower layer of water deeps zone, nonturbulent/sable, seperated from contact with the atmosphere, repsiration dominates and is reliant upon organic matter from the surface

54
Q

thermocline

A

region that contains rapid change in temperature between layers

55
Q

thermocline depth

A

the depth of the water column at which the thermocline begins

56
Q

stratification

A

sorting of lakes water into distinct layers due to difference in temperature and density

57
Q

turnover

A

mixing of the stratified water column

58
Q

lake mixing

A

mixing of temperature within the water column

59
Q

Amictic lake

A

a lake that is pemanantly covered in ice such that the water does not mix through the column

60
Q

col monomictic lake

A

a lake that has a ice cover for most of the year but melts enough so that it has a single mixing in the summer

61
Q

cold polymicitic lake

A

a lake with multiple period of mixing, ice covered part of the year

62
Q

warm polymicitic lake

A

a lake with no ice over any time, stratification may occur daily or for a few days followed y a turnover

63
Q

dimicitic lake

A

a lake with ice cover during part of the year and stably stratified during other parts of the year, the great lakes, two period of mixing

64
Q

warm monomictic lake

A

a lake with o ice cover but a single stratification during the warmest part of the year and mixing throughout the rest

65
Q

Holomictic lake

A

lake in which mixing occurs all the way to the bottom of the lake

66
Q

Meromicitic lake

A

a lake with layers but they do not mix

67
Q

fetch

A

the distance wind can travel on a lake uninterrupted

68
Q

ice-out

A

the melting of ice from te surface of water

69
Q

sediment loading

A

the amount of sediment passing a point over some time interval

70
Q

water hardness

A

the measure of mineral content in water

71
Q

pH

A

the measure of acidity or basicity

72
Q

turbulent flow

A

type of water movement typically at the lake surface due to action of wind, more intermixing

73
Q

Laminar flow

A

type of water movement in which water slides over one another

74
Q

surface gravity waves

A

the typical waves seen on lakes and oceans

75
Q

coriolis effect

A

the curving of wind or water currents due to the rotational forces of earth

76
Q

depth of frictional resistance

A

depth at which flow direction is opposite wind direction

77
Q

ekman spiral

A

a spiraling flow of water from surface to depth of frictional resistance

78
Q

ekman drift

A

term for the deflected current

79
Q

density current

A

flow caused by a difference in density between converging layers of water

80
Q

thermal siphon

A

a thermally driver flow caused bythe shallower, littoral water that cools and siink and is replaced by pelagic water

81
Q

langmuir currents

A

convergence of spirals currents that result in long parallel lines of foam and seaweed at the lake surface

82
Q

surface seiche

A

accumulation of water at one end of a lake due to strong winds followed by back flow when wind subsides

83
Q

lotic

A

flowing water

84
Q

erosional zone

A

upstream region where sediment is typically eroded due to deep v-shaped valleys, rapids, waterfalls

85
Q

transfer zone

A

midstream region characterized by transport of recently eroded sediments; characterized by broader valleys and gentler slops

86
Q

depositional zone

A

downstream region where sediments are deposited due to slow flowing water, meandering channel, flat alleys, braided channels

87
Q

hyporheic zone

A

the area under or beside a stream channel or floodplain the cntributes water to the stream

88
Q

maximum planar width

A

maximum width of water in a river

89
Q

river continuum concept

A

the physical and biological changes of a river as it it increases in size

90
Q

Wolman pebble count

A

a guide used to find the average substrate size in a stream or river

91
Q

relevance of substrate

A

size of substrate determines what type of animals can lives there, it is also dependent on the size and location of the river

92
Q

How to use USGS map viewer

A

can be sued to find stream order under he hydrocached view of map to see the different types and sizes of waterways

93
Q

discharge

A

volume of water in cubic feet per second

94
Q

laminar/baseflow

A

water underneath the surface

95
Q

stream velocity

A

speed and direction the water is flowing in

96
Q

hydrograph

A

continual reading of discharge over time

97
Q

flashy streams

A

streams that are prone to flash flooding

98
Q

perennial stream

A

stream that is active throughout the whole year

99
Q

intermittent stream

A

stream that is prone to dry period at some point in the year

100
Q

fluvial geomorphology

A

the study of river channels and drainage networks and their interaction with landforms

101
Q

thalweg

A

the deepest part of a streamwithin the active flow

102
Q

riffle

A

area of a stream characterized by the shallow, turbulent, fsat-moving water, typically over gravel cobble substrate, some rocks break surface

103
Q

run

A

are of stream between riffle and pool; water surface usually appears non-turbulent, water movemeny is perceptible but not as fast as siffle

104
Q

pool

A

deep area along side of stream; water movement is very slow and imperceptible, under girded by small sediments

105
Q

bankful stage

A

the stage at which the river contains its maximum volume of water within the banks prior to flooding

106
Q

sinuosity

A

the measure of a rivers tendency to meander; increases in lowland areas and higher orders

107
Q

alluvium

A

paticles that have been transported by a stream

108
Q

colluvium

A

particles that have been transported by slopes

109
Q

aggradation

A

increase insubstrate within an area of the stram

110
Q

degradation

A

decrease of substrate within an area of a stream

111
Q

stream compatence

A

a measure of the largest particle size that can be moved along the stream bed at some level of flow

112
Q

bed load

A

the movement of particles along the stream bed

113
Q

interdisciplinary nature of limnology

A

studies with focuses in ecology, chemistry, physic, geology, engineering

114
Q

usefulness of limnology

A

recreation, consumption, curiosity, preservation fro pollution, ecosystem services

115
Q

role of scale in research

A

study as a unit vs. an assemble of parts; no best scale; can be carried out in a whole or in parts

116
Q

distribution of water on earth

A

only 2.6% is freshwater only .3%is available to humans (97.4% is saltwater)

117
Q

distribution of freshwater on earth

A

99.7% is in glacial, ice caps, and groundwater; .3% is available to humans

118
Q

where most research has been conducted

A

in lakes near university and earlier in lakes that were clean and pretty, mainly in north temperate zones zone

119
Q

Uniqueness of water being more dense as a liquid than a solid

A

this is due to the hydrogen bonds in the h2o

120
Q

relationship between surface area and evaporation

A

a larger surface area will cause a faster rate of evaporation

121
Q

relationship between watershed area and slope

A

runoff will flow faster into a lake with a greater slope

122
Q

areas that are likely to contribute to lake sedimentation

A

areas with asteep slope or with a river running into them, endorheic lakes will be more liekly to be majorly effected by sedimentation

123
Q

influences of turbidity and light

A

light allows for photosynthesis, influence stratification, turbidity effect how far light can reach

124
Q

why there are different colors for lakes and what causes each

A

colors are usually dependent of turbidity and algae, minerals, and bacteria within the lake

125
Q

influences on lake stratification and turnover

A

heat wind and ice cover, sun warms upper layers, wind mixes them, density of water

126
Q

the relationship between water temperature and O2

A

colder water holds more oxygen

127
Q

4 dimensional nature of rivers

A

longitudinal (length from upstream to downstream), width (width and interaction with floodplain), vertical (depth of water column nd intrusion into sediment), temporal ( rivers changes over time)

128
Q

“valley rules the stream”

A

concept that explains that a river is primarily a product of its valley through which it flows rather than merely an innocent passerby

Freshwater Ecology (1 decks)

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