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Geography IBDP > Freshwater > Flashcards

Freshwater Flashcards

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1
Q

Drainage basin system

A

An area within which water supplied by precipitation is transferred to the ocean, lake or larger stream. Includes all of the area that is drained by a river and its tributaries.

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2
Q

Potential inputs

A

Rainfall, snow, frost, hail and dew

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3
Q

Factors affecting local hydrology

A

Total amount of precipitation, intensity, type, geographic distribution, variability

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4
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Process in which water vapour escapes from living plants and enters atmosphere

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5
Q

Factors affecting evaporation

A

Temperature, humidity and wind speed

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6
Q

Surface runoff

A

Water flows over the lands surface

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7
Q

Throughflow

A

Water flowing through the soil in natural pipes

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8
Q

Base flow

A

Part of a rivers discharge that is provided by groundwater into the bed of a river

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9
Q

Vegetation

A

Type of store.

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10
Q

Through fall

A

water that falls through gaps in the vegetation

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11
Q

Interception

A

when water is stored on plant surfaces.

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12
Q

Stemflow

A

Water that trickles along twigs and branches

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13
Q

Soil

A

Type of store. subsurface water in soil.

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14
Q

Field capacity

A

amount of water held in soil after excess water drains away

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15
Q

wilting point

A

range of moisture content in which permanent wilting of plants occurs. defines approximate limits to plant growth

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16
Q

Gradient

A

decreases downstream

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17
Q

Valley

A

increases downstream

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18
Q

depth

A

increases downstream

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19
Q

velocity

A

increases downstream

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20
Q

width

A

increases downstream

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21
Q

volume

A

increases downstream

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22
Q

discharge

A

increases downstream

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23
Q

Discharge

A

amount of water that passes a certain point in a given time

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24
Q

hydraulic radius

A

relationship between the cross sectional area of the channel and the length of the wetted perimeter. C/WP

25
Q

Attrition

A

sediment colliding. erosion

26
Q

Solution

A

sediment dissolves due to acidity of river

27
Q

abrasion

A

sediment rubbing against river bed

28
Q

hydraulic action

A

water being forced into cracks

29
Q

traction

A

rolling of larger sediment

30
Q

suspension

A

the floating of particles/sediment in river

31
Q

solution

A

sediment dissolved into river

32
Q

saltation

A

bouncing of sediment

33
Q

deposition

A

sediment being dropped

34
Q

flood hydrograph

A

showing the discharge of a river at a given point over a short period of time

35
Q

approach segment

A

discharge of the river before the storm

36
Q

rising limb

A

rivers response to the rainfall period

37
Q

peak discharge

A

occurs when the river reaches its highest level

38
Q

lag time

A

period between maximum precipitation and peak discharge

39
Q

falling limb

A

discharge decreasing and river levels are falling

40
Q

stormflow

A

discharge, both surface and subsurface flow attributed to a single storm

41
Q

baseflow

A

very slow to respond to a storm but by continually releasing groundwater it maintains the rivers flow during periods of low precipitation

42
Q

bankfull discharge

A

water level reaches top of its channel

43
Q

economic water scarcity

A

caused by lack of investment in water infrastructure

44
Q

physical water scarcity

A

not enough water to meet both human demands and those of ecosystems to function effectively

45
Q

water quantity

A

total yield of water from a watershed

46
Q

water quality

A

suitability of water for drinking, recreational uses and as habitat for aquatic organisms

47
Q

drought

A

extended period of dry weather including conditions of extreme dryness

48
Q

absolute drought

A

15 days of less than 0.2mm of rainfall

49
Q

partial drought

A

29 days of less than 0.2mm of rainfall

50
Q

water stress

A

less than 1700 cubic meters per year of water supply

51
Q

eutrophication

A

overly enriched body of water with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of algae

52
Q

irrigation

A

application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals

53
Q

advantages of irrigation

A 
fast manufacturing
helps make cash flow of a country profound with the massive production of crops 
use water for household chores
acts as a shield against famine 
helps improve yielding
54
Q

disadvantages of irrigation

A

not affordable
can lead to salt efflorescence
may lose residential and comercial lands
turns area into wet and damp surface

55
Q

wetlands

A

land consisting of marshes or swamps

56
Q

importance of wetlands?

A

prevent flooding
filter and purify surface water
helps fish by releasing vegetative matter into the rivers

57
Q

rainwater harvesting

A

making use of available water before it drains away or evaporates.

58
Q

water storage methods

A

irrigation of individual plants rather than whole field
covering areas of water with plastic or chemicals to reduce evaporation
storage of water underground in gravel filled reservoirs

Geography IBDP (5 decks)

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