Freshman Year History Semester 1 Final Exam

Question 1

Charlemagne

Answer 1

Was the leader of the Franks from 762-814. He spread church teachings and Christian beliefs. Started schools at his palace and built a curriculum based on the Roman model. Overall, he placed a value on education and brought order and civilization

Question 2

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 2

Considered one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages. He was a monk of the Dominican order whose work focused on summarizing medieval Christian thought. He was largely connected to scholasticism

Question 3

Gothicism

Answer 3

In the mid-100s, builders developed a different type of architecture called Gothic, after the barbarian Goths. Gothic cathedrals featured high walls and tall spires. Every element of Gothic churches reached toward heaven. These tall cathedrals towered over growing towns of Europe.

Question 4

Paganism

Answer 4

Pagans were the faith of Viking tribes at the time. They were non-Christian monotheists

Question 5

The Canon Law

Answer 5

The Canon Law was the Christian churches code of law and it’s own courts. The court could issue a ruling against an entire region. Closing all of its churches, limit the power of the clergy and forbid everyone from questioning the principles of Christianity.

Question 6

Feudalism

Answer 6

Hierarchy:
Kings and queens
Land=power, they provided land in exchange for goods and
protection

Church officials and nobles
Given the land to distribute to different groups of people

Knights
Provided military service to nobles in exchange for a piece of land

Peasants and serfs
Worked for nobles on their land, performed laborious tasks, tied
down
to land, no freedom

Question 7

The Clergy

Answer 7

Pope: highest church authority
Cardinal: vote for new pope and assist the pope
Bishop: local church leadership
Priest: conduct mass
Nuns and monks: “workers” of the church

Question 8

Black Plague

Answer 8

Swept through Europe starting in 1347. Began in Asia and spread to different ports via trading ships. Entire towns were wiped out between 1347 and 1351. Europe lost 1/3 of its population. People’s faith in god was shaken and the church lost some of its power.

Question 9

Islam

Answer 9

A religion created by Muhammed. It’s based on 2 central beliefs. There is only one god and that each believer must obey god’s will. followers of Islam are called Muslims.

Question 10

Qur’an

Answer 10

The holy book of Islam which Muslims believe is the word of God as revealed to Muhammed

Question 11

Muhammed

Answer 11

Born in Mecca. Became a trader. At 40 years old, he reported that an angel told him he was called to be a prophet of Allah (Arabic for god). He reported that the angel instructed him to teach others about Allah

Question 12

Caliphate

Answer 12

Caliph means successor to the prophet. Shia Muslims believed Muhammed’s son-in-law should be Caliph. Sunni Muslims believed a fitting ruler recognized by the Muslim community should be a caliph. Most Sunnis accepted leaders from a clan called the Umayyads. In the late 740s, the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids. The Abbasids ruled till 1258 and created a new capital called Baghdad, which grew into a great city.

Question 13

Abbasid Dynasty

Answer 13

Grew because their trade allowed increased access to innovative crops, embraced and preserved ancient knowledge from Greece, Persia, and Rome, were innovative in science and learning, and were able to keep their knowledge preserved. They were also able to keep Crusaders from gaining territory The dynasty fell due to increased size and the division between Sunni and Shi’a and the Mongols killing their leader in 1258.

Question 14

Umayyad Dynasty

Answer 14

Had a good reputation and network of alliances. They were located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, giving them access to water and sea trade. They were eventually overthrown by the Abbasids.

Question 15

Renaissance

Answer 15

The “rebirth” of art and literature from classical cultures began in Italy during the 14th-16th century. This was because of starvation, war (the Crusades), and the results of the Black Death. Peasants needed jobs, city-states rose, and the increase in money meant people wanted to spend.

Question 16

Michelangelo

Answer 16

He was a Renaissance artist. Best known for the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Wrote over 300 poems, was the chief architect for St Peter’s Basilica and spent 4 years painting in the Sistine Chapel.

Question 17

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 17

Italian “renaissance man” lived from 1452- 1519. He was an engineer, scientist, painter, theorist, etc. His famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Summer.

Question 18

Pieter Bruegul the Elder

Answer 18

Significant Dutch and Flemish painter. Born 1525 died 1569. Famous paintings included “the Harvesters”. His works focused on Humanist Values.

Question 19

Humanism

Answer 19

Humanist ideas:
human form (anatomy)
realism
symbolism
value of education
secularism
reference to classics (ancient Rome and Greece)

Art techniques:
color
emotion
proportion
depth/perspective (foreground, background, vanishing point)
detail

Question 20

Secularism

Answer 20

The belief that you can enjoy life outside of religion. The lack of religious presence.

Question 21

Renaissance Man

Answer 21

Someone who excels in many fields. Art, science, math, nature, etc. For example, Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, architect, writer, botanist, etc.

Question 22

Protestant Reformation

Answer 22

A religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. Created a new branch of Christianity called Protestantism, was created because many religious groups wanted to separate from the Roman Catholic Church due to different beliefs.

Question 23

Gutenberg

Answer 23

German inventor who invented the printing press in 1450. In 1452, he printed the Gutenberg bible, the first ever book to be printed on the printing press.

Question 24

Martin Luther

Answer 24

Well-educated, focused on Scholasticism. Became a monk after a near-death experience. Didn’t agree with the Church’s actions, leading him to write the 95 Theses, the Church banned him, and he was led to create Lutheranism.

Question 25

Johan Tetzel

Answer 25

He started selling indulgences. He said, “as soon as gold in the coffer rings, a soul to heaven sings”.

Question 26

Pope Leo X

Answer 26

He encouraged indulgences because he wanted the funding to finish St. Peter’s Basilica

Question 27

King Henry 8th

Answer 27

He wanted to grant himself a divorce because the church wouldn’t let him. This led to him creating the Church of England

Question 28

John Calvin

Answer 28

Introduced Calvinism. Believed in strict laws, and only two kinds of people: saints and sinners, god determined a long time ago what happens nothing you can do

Question 29

Scientific Revolution

Answer 29

A time when people started venturing out to see what the world was true and false. This challenged the Catholic church, as people wouldn’t blindly follow what they were told anymore.

Question 30

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 30

Polish, lived from 1473-1453. First, to create the Heliocentric theory, he could never prove it.

Question 31

Galileo Galilei

Answer 31

Italian astronomer lived 1564-1642. Proved and promoted heliocentric theory, he was put on house arrest by the Catholic church.

Question 32

Francis Bacon

Answer 32

Livd from 1561-1628. Developed Emprirism (scientific method).

Question 33

Isaac Newton

Answer 33

Lived from 1643-1727. Laws of motion, laws of gravity, and planetary motion proved Galileo/ Copernicus’ ideas.

Question 34

The Safavid Empire (1501-1722)

Answer 34

Complex due to lack of resources and ethnic and religious tensions. The division between Sunni and Shi’a created it. Shah Isma’il was 14 when he took control of modern-day Iran and parts of Turkey and Iraq. Wanted to convert all Sunni to Shia. Afer Sha Isma’il, Shah ‘Abbas ruled. He reformed the government, strengthened the military, acquired order weapons, created trade partnerships, and beautified the city. They restored Persia as a major center of political power and creativity.

Question 35

The Mughal Empire (152-1851)

Answer 35

Before the Mughal Empire, there was the Gupta Empire. However, the empire fell due to no single ruler rising, and the duel between Hinduism and Islam. The Mughal Empire was known for its wealth and power and was founded by the Muslim invader Babur (the tiger). His grandson Akbar (the great) created a diverse kingdom. Akbar married a Rajput princess to gain the trust of Hindus, abolished taxes on Hindus (Jizyah), put Hindus in civil and military positions of power (many religious voices), established a strong government based on capability, and created a strong military, squashing rebellions.

Question 36

Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)

Answer 36

Osman 1 founded the Ottoman Empire in 1299. In 1361, the empire took Adrianope and in 1453 they took the fall of Constantinople. In the 1500s, Suleyman the Magnificent ruled from 1520-1566. People considered his rule successful because he was able to reform taxes and continue military expansion, create a large empire with a diverse culture, and most importantly, introduce the Millet system, which allowed religious tolerance. Religious communities paid taxes (Jizyah) to replace military service. However, success in the 1400s can not be ignored. Leadership under Mehmed the 2nd introduced siege style and military tactics. Jannissaries (elite soldiers pulled from enslaved Christian boys and gunpowder from the east all led to success such as the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Question 37

Malian Empire (1235-1670)

Answer 37

Founded by Sundiata Keita. Thanks to Mansa Musa’s expedition in the 1400s, more people were drawn in. Their trade was gold and salt and the hub of trade and culture was Timbuktu. The empire was largely known for its art and architecture.

Question 38

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Answer 38

The beginning and end of the Silk Road. Had 16 rulers and ruled for 276 years. Added on to the Great Wall of China. They moved the capital to Beijing and they built the Forbidden City.