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fresh water management Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of the earth is water?

A

71%

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2
Q

what percentage of earth’s water is saline?

A

97%

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3
Q

what percentage of water is freshwater?

A

3%

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4
Q

what percentage of freshwater is found in ice caps & glaciers?

A

68.7% or 69%

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5
Q

what percentage of freshwater is groundwater?

A

30% or 30.1%

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6
Q

what percentage of freshwater is surface water?

A

0.3%

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7
Q

what percentage of fresh water is NOT surface water, ground water, or in ice caps/glaciers?

A

0.9%

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8
Q

what percentage of fresh surface water can be found in lakes?

A

87%

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9
Q

what percentage of fresh surface water can be found in rivers?

A

2%

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10
Q

define precipitation

A

the process where rain, snow or hail fall to the earth due to gravity

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11
Q

define surface run-off

A

the process where water runs across the ground and into rivers

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12
Q

define interception

A

the process where precipitation is stopped due to the blockage of trees or plants

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13
Q

define infiltration

A

the process where water goes beneath the surface

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14
Q

define through flow

A

the process where water flows through the soil

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15
Q

define ground water

A

the process where infiltrated water flows through rocks

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16
Q

define transpiration

A

the movement of water being lost in plants as water vapour

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17
Q

define evaporation

A

the process where rain turns into vapour

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18
Q

define condensation

A

the process where water vapour turns into rain

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19
Q

name common sources of water (7)

A

wells, aquifers, rivers, lakes, desalination plants, dams/reservoirs

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20
Q

define permeable

A

water can go through

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21
Q

define impermeable

A

water cannot go through

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22
Q

name the three categories of water usage

A

domestic, industrial, agriculture

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23
Q

list different water usages in domestic circumstances (7)

A

shower, washing clothes, hygiene purposes, culinary uses, drinking, air conditioning, gardening

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24
Q

list different water usages in industrial circumstances (5)

A

factory work - clothes/bags/furniture, mining, processing food, construction, electricity

25
list different water usages in agricultural circumstances (2)
factory work - irrigation/animal feeding, vineyards
26
define irrigation
watering plants
27
reasons for variations between countries (6)
climate, standards of living, types of industries, water drinkability, level of technology, medc/ledc
28
define potable
safe to drink
29
define non-potable
may cause illnesses. not safe to drink
30
why is there a water crisis? (5)
lack of water infrastructure, population increase, overuse and increasing demand, poor water management, climate change
31
consequences of a water crisis (4)
diseases, environmental impacts such as disrupting ecosystems, social conflict, economic productivity
32
what is an aquifer?
water stored in porous rocks under the ground
33
what is a service reservoir?
a reservoir in which potable water is stored
34
what is a reservoir?
an artificial lake where water can be stored
35
what is a water tower?
a type of reservoir where potable water is stored for immediate use
36
what is a cistern?
a vessel in which water, usually potable, is stored, forming a type of covered reservoir
37
what is a well?
a hole dug into rock to reach the water stored there
38
what is an artesian aquifer?
an aquifer in which the water is under pressure
39
define distillation
the purification of a liquid by boiling a solution so that the liquid evaporates and can be collected when it condenses at a lower temperature
40
define reverse osmosis
the purification of water by pumping it at a high pressure through a fine membrane
41
what does being 'water rich' mean?
having access to clean and safe water
42
what does being 'water poor' mean?
lacking or have limited access to clean water
43
define urban
belonging/relating to a town or city
44
define rural
population or territory that has the characteristics of the country side
45
what is a physical water scarcity?
when there isn't enough water to meet demand
46
how does economic water scarcity occur?
due to a lack of water infrastructure in general or to the poor management of water where infrastructure is in place
47
define desalination
the process of separating salt molecules from water
48
name forms of desalination (2)
boiling water/distillation, reverse osmosis
49
pros of distillation
is a source of freshwater
50
cons of distillation (4)
expensive, requires lots of energy, 10-30% efficient, contributes to pollution
51
pros of reverse osmosis (3)
source of freshwater, 30-50% efficient, uses less energy than distillation
52
cons of reverse osmosis (3)
expensive, uses lots of energy, pollution from waste products
53
why are multi-purpose dams controversial?
they can be expensive and affect the local community & environment
54
pros of dams (8)
generates power, flood control, irrigation, provision of water, habitat for wetland species, renewable energy, no greenhouse gases, more jobs
55
cons of dams (9)
relocates people, floods land, disrupts the life cycles of fish, becomes redundant due to sediments, expensive, requires maintenance, less jobs for farmers, alters water supply downstream, reduce soil enrichment
56
what do dam sites need? (8)
high precipitation, low temperature to avoid evaporation, built on strong impermeable rock, built up high so it can work as a hydro-electric power source, narrow & steep sided valleys for economic purposes, rivers and lakes nearby, easy accessibility, away from developed areas to avoid pollution
57
define sustainable
no greenhouse gases produced
58
define unsustainable
has negative effects on the environment and fish populations

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