fresh water

Question 1

permeable

Answer 1

Rocks that allow water to seep through them

Question 2

Ground water

Answer 2

water stored in the pores and cracks

Question 3

infiltration

Answer 3

water that flows underground through the soil

Question 4

impermeable

Answer 4

rocks that do not allow water through

Question 5

through flow

Answer 5

unsaturated flow of water in the soil

Question 6

surface run - off

Answer 6

water, from rain, snowmelt, or other surfaces that flows over the land surface

Question 7

precipitation

Answer 7

rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground

Question 8

evaporation

Answer 8

substance in a liquid state that changes to a gaseous state

Question 9

interception

Answer 9

this is where the plants, trees, or buildings collect the precipitation

Question 10

condensation

Answer 10

water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it.

Question 11

transpiration

Answer 11

where the water goes up through the plants and is released into the air through the leaves

Question 12

Long profile

Answer 12

a river’s gradient changes as it flows from its source to its mouth. Ex; The long profile shows how, in the upper stage of a river’s course, the river’s gradient is steep but it gradually flattens out as the river erodes towards its base level.

Question 13

erosion

Answer 13

Erosion involves the wearing away of rock and soil found along the river bed and banks. Erosion also involves the breaking down of the rock particles being carried downstream by the river

Question 14

hydraulic action

Answer 14

the force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears it away

Question 15

abrasion

Answer 15

rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks.

Question 16

attrition

Answer 16

rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles.

Question 17

solution

Answer 17

soluble particles such as minerals are dissolved into water

Question 18

River transportation

Answer 18

rivers pick up and carry material as they flow downstream

Question 19

suspension

Answer 19

fine light material is carried along in situation

Question 20

saltation

Answer 20

small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river

Question 21

traction

Answer 21

large boulders and rocks are carried along the river

Question 22

river deposition

Answer 22

When a riverloses energy, it will drop or deposit some of the material it is carrying.
• Deposition may take place when a river enters an area ofshallow wateror when thevolume of water decreases- for example, after a flood or during times of drought.
• Deposition is common towards theend of a river’s journey, at the mouth.
• Deposition at the mouth of a river can formdeltas- for example, theMississippi Delta.

Question 23

soil moisture utilization

Answer 23

When precipitation reduces and soil moisture stores begin to be used, and when plants draw moisture out from the soil.

Question 24

soil moisture surplus

Answer 24

If precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration and the excess is not been used by plants.

Question 25

soil moisture deficit

Answer 25

Evapotranspiration is in excess of precipitation and any previously available moisture has been used, in soil moisture utilization.

Question 26

soil moisture recharge

Answer 26

replacement of water lost during drier periods

Question 27

field capacity

Answer 27

The maximum amount of water soil can hold.

A water surplus can result in wet soils, high river levels and run-off whereas a deficit leads to dry soil, falling river levels and possibly drought. Management is shown in the example at the end of this topic.

Question 28

water balance

Answer 28

the balance of water in the soil; this is the net result of the combined effects of precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PE)

Question 29

hard engineering river

Answer 29

Artifical structures using various materials such as rock, concrete and steel structures like dams.

Question 30

soft engineering river

Answer 30

More ecological friendly, move a settlement out of the flood plan.

Question 31

aquifers

Answer 31

Porous rocks such as sandstone or limestone that contain significant quantities of water

Question 32

recharge

Answer 32

when groundwater is restored

Question 33

discharge

Answer 33

When it is being taken out ie; through wells

Question 34

Aquiclude/aquifuge

Answer 34

A rock that will not hold water due to impermeable rocks, such as clay

Question 35

Aeration

Answer 35

Zone that is seasonally wetted and seasonally dried out

Question 36

irrigation

Answer 36

when water is brought to land that is naturally dry

Question 37

water hyacinth

Answer 37

an aquatic plant

Question 38

salinization

Answer 38

Salinization occurs when the water in soils evaporates in high temperatures, drawing salts from the soil to the surface.

Question 39

eutrophication

Answer 39

excessive richness of nutrients (water hyacinth) in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

Question 40

leaching

Answer 40

removal of minerals from soil by water as it moves downward through the soil. Leaching occurs in wet climates. Leaching of chemicals into groundwater (ie; freshwater that is being dependent on)

Question 41

anoxic

Answer 41

water becomes anoxic