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Frequency Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

When the score categories (X values) are measurements from a nominal or an ordinal scale, the graph should be a _______.

A

bar graph

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2
Q

measures the fraction of the total group that is associated with each score

A

Proportion/ Relative Frequency

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3
Q

In a __________, a bar is centered above each score

A

histogram

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5
Q

scores pile up on one side of the distribution, leaving a “tail” of a few extreme values on the other side.

A

Skewed

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7
Q

the scores tend to pile up on the left side of the distribution with the tail tapering off to the right.

A

Positively skewed

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8
Q

presents an organized picture of the entire set of scores, and it shows where each individual is located relative to others in the distribution.

A

Frequency distribution

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9
Q

the scores tend to pile up on the right side and the tail points to the left.

A

Negatively skewed distribution

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10
Q

sum of the frequencies accumulated up to the upper boundary of a class in the distribution.

A

Cumulative frequency

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12
Q

circle that is divided into sections according to the percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.

A

Pie chart

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13
Q

allows you to estimate values within the interval by assuming that the fractional portions of one scale correspond to the same fractional portion of the other.

A

Interpolation

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14
Q

When the score categories consist of numerical scores from an interval or ratio scale, the graph should be either a ____________

A

histogram or a polygon

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15
Q

An organized tabulation showing exactly how many individuals are located in each category on the scale of measurement.

A

Frequency distribution

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16
Q

In a stem and leaf display, first occurrence is associated with the ____________

A

Lower leaf values

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17
Q

statistical measure that determines a single value that accurately describes the center of the distribution and represents the entire distribution of scores.

A

Central tendency

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18
Q

In a stem and leaf display, the second occurrence is associated with the

A

Upper leaf display

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19
Q

They are used to visually represent how many values are below a certain upper class boundary.

A

Cumulative frequency

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20
Q

___________ represent the accumulation of individuals (frequency) as it move up to the scale

A

Cumulative frequency

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21
Q

a mathematical process based on the assumption that the scores and the percentages change in a regular, linear fashion as you move through an interval from one end to the other

A

Interpolation

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23
Q

Purpose of the variability

A

to determine how spread out the scores are in a distribution.

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25
Q

Goals of central tendency

A

identify the single value that is the best representative for the entire set of data.

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26
Q

the balance point of the distribution because the sum of the distances below the mean is exactly equal to the sum of the distances above the mean.

A

Mean

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27
Q

most frequently occurring category or score in the distribution

A

Mode

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28
Q

You must use ________ to determine the corresponding ranks and percentiles when scores or percentages do not correspond to upper real limits or cumulative percentages

A

interpolation

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29
Q

distance between the first quartile and the third quartile

A

Interquartile range

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30
Q

When an X value is described by its rank, it is called a ___________.

A

percentile

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31
Q

most commonly used measure of central tendency

A

Mean

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32
Q

measure of the standard distance from the mean

A

Standard deviation

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33
Q

mean squared deviation and is obtained by finding the sum of the squared deviations and then dividing by the number.

A

Variance

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34
Q

Each ______________ identifies the percentile rank for the upper real limit of the corresponding score or class interval.

A

cumulative percentage

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35
Q

allows researchers to summarize or condense a large set of data into a single value.

A

Central tendency

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36
Q

This mean is used most often when the population is very large.

A

Sample mean

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37
Q

In a _________, a dot is centered above each score so that the height of the dot corresponds to the frequency

A

polygon

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38
Q

allows researchers to describe or present a set of data in a very simplified, concise form

A

Central tendency

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39
Q

Not influenced by extreme scores and more stable than the range

A

Semi-interquartile range

40
Q

distance between the upper real limit of the largest X and the lower real limit of the smallest X in the distribution.

41
Q

square root of the variance.

A

Standard deviation

42
Q

The most commonly used measure of variability in a distribution of test scores

A

Standard deviation

43
Q

advantage of the median

A

it is relatively unaffected by extreme scores.

45
Q

one-half the distance between the first interquartile and the third interquartile

A

semi-interquartile range

46
Q

Four basic measures of variability

A

Range Interquartile and Semi-interquartile Variance Standard deviation

47
Q

expected value of a random variable in a probability distribution is sometimes called the population mean

A

Population mean

49
Q

One method for simplifying and organizing data is to construct a ________________.

A

frequency distribution

50
Q

Reverse

bar graph

A

When the score categories (X values) are measurements from a nominal or an ordinal scale, the graph should be a _______.

51
Q

Reverse

Proportion/ Relative Frequency

A

measures the fraction of the total group that is associated with each score

52
Q

Reverse

histogram

A

In a __________, a bar is centered above each score

53
Q

Reverse

Skewed

A

scores pile up on one side of the distribution, leaving a “tail” of a few extreme values on the other side.

54
Q

Reverse

Positively skewed

A

the scores tend to pile up on the left side of the distribution with the tail tapering off to the right.

55
Q

Reverse

Frequency distribution

A

presents an organized picture of the entire set of scores, and it shows where each individual is located relative to others in the distribution.

56
Q

Reverse

Negatively skewed distribution

A

the scores tend to pile up on the right side and the tail points to the left.

57
Q

Reverse

Cumulative frequency

A

sum of the frequencies accumulated up to the upper boundary of a class in the distribution.

58
Q

Reverse

Pie chart

A

circle that is divided into sections according to the percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.

59
Q

Reverse

Interpolation

A

allows you to estimate values within the interval by assuming that the fractional portions of one scale correspond to the same fractional portion of the other.

60
Q

Reverse

histogram or a polygon

A

When the score categories consist of numerical scores from an interval or ratio scale, the graph should be either a ____________

61
Q

Reverse

Frequency distribution

A

An organized tabulation showing exactly how many individuals are located in each category on the scale of measurement.

62
Q

Reverse

Lower leaf values

A

In a stem and leaf display, first occurrence is associated with the ____________

63
Q

Reverse

Central tendency

A

statistical measure that determines a single value that accurately describes the center of the distribution and represents the entire distribution of scores.

64
Q

Reverse

Upper leaf display

A

In a stem and leaf display, the second occurrence is associated with the

65
Q

Reverse

Cumulative frequency

A

They are used to visually represent how many values are below a certain upper class boundary.

66
Q

Reverse

Cumulative frequency

A

___________ represent the accumulation of individuals (frequency) as it move up to the scale

67
Q

Reverse

Interpolation

A

a mathematical process based on the assumption that the scores and the percentages change in a regular, linear fashion as you move through an interval from one end to the other

68
Q

Reverse

to determine how spread out the scores are in a distribution.

A

Purpose of the variability

69
Q

Reverse

identify the single value that is the best representative for the entire set of data.

A

Goals of central tendency

70
Q

Reverse

Mean

A

the balance point of the distribution because the sum of the distances below the mean is exactly equal to the sum of the distances above the mean.

71
Q

Reverse

Mode

A

most frequently occurring category or score in the distribution

72
Q

Reverse

Interquartile range

A

distance between the first quartile and the third quartile

73
Q

Reverse

percentile

A

When an X value is described by its rank, it is called a ___________.

74
Q

Reverse

Mean

A

most commonly used measure of central tendency

75
Q

Reverse

Standard deviation

A

measure of the standard distance from the mean

76
Q

Reverse

Variance

A

mean squared deviation and is obtained by finding the sum of the squared deviations and then dividing by the number.

77
Q

Reverse

cumulative percentage

A

Each ______________ identifies the percentile rank for the upper real limit of the corresponding score or class interval.

78
Q

Reverse

Central tendency

A

allows researchers to summarize or condense a large set of data into a single value.

79
Q

Reverse

Sample mean

A

This mean is used most often when the population is very large.

80
Q

Reverse

polygon

A

In a _________, a dot is centered above each score so that the height of the dot corresponds to the frequency

81
Q

Reverse

Central tendency

A

allows researchers to describe or present a set of data in a very simplified, concise form

82
Q

Reverse

Semi-interquartile range

A

Not influenced by extreme scores and more stable than the range

83
Q

Reverse

Range

A

distance between the upper real limit of the largest X and the lower real limit of the smallest X in the distribution.

84
Q

Reverse

Standard deviation

A

square root of the variance.

85
Q

Reverse

Standard deviation

A

The most commonly used measure of variability in a distribution of test scores

86
Q

Reverse

it is relatively unaffected by extreme scores.

A

advantage of the median

87
Q

Reverse

semi-interquartile range

A

one-half the distance between the first interquartile and the third interquartile

88
Q

Reverse

Range Interquartile and Semi-interquartile Variance Standard deviation

A

Four basic measures of variability

89
Q

Reverse

Population mean

A

expected value of a random variable in a probability distribution is sometimes called the population mean

90
Q

Reverse

frequency distribution

A

One method for simplifying and organizing data is to construct a ________________.

PsyStat (3 decks)

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