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French Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Liberty

A

State of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on ones behavior or political views.

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2
Q

Equality

A

State of being equal,especially in status ,rights or opportunities

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3
Q

Fraternity

A

Friendship and mutual support within a group(brotherhood)

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4
Q

What was France like in the 1780’s

A

France was powerful nation
Ruled by the Bourbon family
Important middle class but most were not allowed to have a say in government
France was ruled by and absolute monarchy

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5
Q

What is an absolute monarchy

A
  • Is when leader believes that they are appointed by god to lead/or sometimes believe they are god.
  • have absolute power-make all the decisions and allow no opposition
  • rule until they die and then usually another family member takes over.
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6
Q

Rise of the enlightenment

A
  • enlighten =greater knowledge or understanding
  • also known as age of reason
  • people started to question their previous beliefs and ways of thinking and science changed
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7
Q

What was going on in the rest of the world

A
  • modern day Netherlands,Austria and Hungary were part of the Hapsburg Empire
  • Britain was a powerful country which did not have an absolute monarchy that shared power with parliament (constitutional monarchy)
  • in 1776 America declared their independence from Britain
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8
Q 
Three estates 
-each estate had its own place in society 
Clergy
Nobility
3rd estate (everyone else)
A

French belonged to on of the 3 estates

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9
Q

First estate

A
  • Church owned 1 tenth of all the land in France
  • in return for praying for the king and people the first estate was allowed privileges
  • did not have to pay main tax(taille)
  • didn’t get called up for military service
  • had their own kids
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10
Q

2nd estate

A
  • made up about 400 thousand nobles -owned 1/3 of land
  • were expected to serve king in war
  • in return they did not have to pay many taxes to the government
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11
Q

3rd estate

A
  • comprised of the most of population,from rich businessmen to peasants.80%peasants
  • had no privileges and no part in running the country
  • expected to fight in every war
  • had to pay taxes to govern and tithes to church
  • had to pay 3/4 of yearly income
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12
Q

Type of taxes

A
  • taille tax-on land/income
  • gabelle -on salt
  • tithes-taxes on 1/10 of yearly income produce to be paid to church
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13
Q

How was the French society unequal

A

First estate -consisted of Roman Catholic clergy
Second estate -consisted of noble 2% of population & 20%of land
Third estate-had little rights & paid half of their income in taxes
1)bourgeoisie-wealthy merchants and skin workers
2)city worker’s-poorly paid servants like cooks & attendance etc.
3)peasants-80% of population were farmers

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14
Q

King Louis XIV

A
  • “sun king”
  • ruled 72 years and was remembered as a great king by French people
  • they believed that he helped make France a great power
  • He built the palace of Versailles and held many extravagant parties there
  • he left France in financial ruin after expensive wars and extravagance in court.
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15
Q

King Louis XV 1715-1774

A
  • Nicknamed “well beloved” but was a weak leader
  • spent lots of money on wars and extravagance in court
  • when he died,he left France with a weak economy and weak government
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16
Q

King Louis XVI 1774-1792

A
  • Louis did nothing to ease Frances financial issues
  • he also face resentment towards monarchy and was weak and indecisive leader
  • was large man with a huge appetite who spent most of his time eating and hunting
  • married to Marie Antoinette
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17
Q

Marie Antoinette

A
  • was daughter of empress of Austria
  • the marriage was arrange by 2 diplomats who wanted to strengthen links between 2 royal families
  • was said to be outgoing and bold but spent a lot of money on fashion ,partying and gambling.
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18
Q

Kings debt

A
  • king Louis XVI inherited financial problems form kings before but Frances economy got worse under his rule
  • government was spending more than they could afford
  • Louis needed money to pay his government officials,soicilors,debts and court
  • if he didn’t find the money government would break down
19
Q

How could he raise money

A
  • could raise money through taxation-1st and 2nd estates didn’t pay taxes so it would mainly come from 3rd estate
  • could sell offices (government jobs)-this would give land owner title and make them enter nobility [50 thousand people entered nobility this way]
  • borrow money fro wealthy but when paid back it had to be paid with interest.
  • lenders would make more money by charging high interests
  • King had chosen this route in the past .In 1778 more than 50% of governments spending went on paying interest.
20
Q

Louis options were running out

A
  • he could not let his debt get any bigger as he could barely afford to pay it as it was.
  • it was also difficult to find people who lend the government money
  • king had to find a way to get more money without borrowing it
21
Q

Income amount in livres

A

472 million livres

22
Q

Spending amount I livres

A

633 million livres

23
Q

Income

A 
Royal lands and forest-11%
Donations-4%
Direct taxes-34.5 %
Indirect taxes-46.5%
Royal monopolies-4%
24
Q

Spending(expenditure)

A 
Household-7%
Costs and expenses-10.5%
Interest payments on debts-41%
Foreign affairs-2%
Army-17%
Navy-8%
Public works-2%
Charity-3%
Salaries and pensions-8%
Other-1.5%
25
Q

Estates general-what did Louis XVI decide to do about the money problems

A
  • his finance minister (Calonne) decide they had to tax 1st & 2nd estate
  • people would be taxed according to how much land they owned
  • 1st &2nd estate did not want to pay more taxes
26
Q

Assembly of notables

A
  • calonne decided to persuade 1st and 2nd estate by calling assembly of notables (wealthy members of 1st and 2nd estate)
  • assembly said people from all estates needed to have a say and estates general must be called
27
Q

What was the estates general

A

Meeting of all estates together

28
Q

What did the king do next about the estates general

A
  • king did not want to call an estates general meeting
  • dismissed calonne and hired Brienne
  • Brienne tried to call a parliament of Paris
  • this was Paris law court that was controlled by Nobles
  • best they refused to agree to allow the new tax and demanded and estates general
29
Q

What could he do now-estates general

A
  • France was in a bad state and people were unhappy
  • There had been a bad harvest and price of bread had gone up by 50%
  • there were riots and running the country was impossible
  • Louis had no choice but to agree to w meeting of the estates general as he hoped would raise the money he needed
30
Q

Estates general meeting

A
  • met in May 1789
  • middle class people of 3rd estate demanded a constitution
  • king and 1st and 2nd estate didn’t want a constitution
  • king tried to break up the meeting but members of the 3rd estate went to a nearby tennis court
31
Q

Tennis court oath 20 June 1789

A
  • 3rd estate said they would not separate until France had a constitution-this pledge is known as the tennis court oath
  • National assembly
32
Q

What happened after bastille was formed

A
  • June 1789,king orders 1st and 2nd estate to join National Assembly
  • peasants and working class wanted much greater changes in how France was run
  • food prices continued to rush after bad harvest in 1788
  • The more National Assembly talked they decided to take action themselves-encouraged by what middle class had gotten away with
33
Q

Louis loses control

A
  • governor of bastillée (Marquis de Launay) refused to hand fortress to people and the crowd attacked the prison
  • even though they were soldiers around,Paris refused to stop the attack.Louis was losing control of the army
  • crowd took over Bastille and cut off governess head,only 7 prisoners inside
  • despite this many were exited by this victory p
  • July &August 178 workers and peasants all over France attacked powerful and rich.
34
Q

Louis loses control

A
  • in Paris here were fears that the king was going to get rid of the National Assembly-everyone knew he didn’t want to stir trouble
  • National assembly couldn’t control working people of Paris,group of 8000 broke into building called Invalides
  • Captured weapons on 14 July 1789,marched to fortress of Bastille
  • Bastille stood for all that was wrong with how France was run.
  • it was a symbol of King and his government.They wanted to destroy it.
35
Q

What happened after fall of the Bastille

A
  • violence soaked off all across France
  • many uprisings by peasants
  • encouraged by group of people(jacobins) ,peasants attacked houses of rich landowners pulled down fences and killed their animals.Also burnt records records of how much tax and rent they had to pay
  • this period was called “the great fear”.
  • peasants no longer believed that they had to do what landowners told them to do
36
Q

How did non-peasants in France feel

A
  • middle class felt worried that peasant had all control when all they wanted was to share power for themselves
  • 1st and 2nd estate were worried that peasants had too much control(countryside)
  • it was hard to stop the revolt now that it started
37
Q

How did the king feel about the revolution

A
  • Louis was very angry
  • he wanted to send soldiers to capture Bastille but his advisers told Him that was a bad idea.He could no longer trust his soldiers
  • he allowed people of Paris to do what they wanted and a new government of Paris-the Paris commune -set up by members of 3rd estate
38
Q

What did the National Assembly do

A
  • 4 august 1789-national assembly tried to do away of the things that made the peasants angry-Took away power of church and nobles
  • peasants no longer had to pay taxes and tithes
  • all adult citizens were allowed to vote
39
Q

Decleration of the rights of men

A
  • 26 august 1789-National assembly produces the declaration of rights of man
  • promises freedom to all those in France
  • this did not stop the violence
  • in October a crowd marched from Paris to the palace of Versailles and forced the king and his family to return to Paris.
40
Q

New France-what changes took place

A
  • between 1789-1793 many changes were made in France
  • privelages of King,nobles and church were removed
  • these changes were carried out by regislature .At first there was the National Assembly then after September 1972 ,there was convention and then in 1793 there was comité of public safety
  • all 3 of these had different ways to govern ad change France
  • in 1789 law and order had broken down in France as there were some who wanted the king to return and others didn’t.
  • after April 1792 France was at war and peoples ideas became more extreme and violent.
41
Q

New France-what changes took place

A
  • most important change was that people who had not had political power before now had more than they could imagine
  • during 1780 and 1791 National Assembly brought in many new laws and abolished unpopular taxes and changed women’s rights.
  • New constitution was introduced-meant that king could no longer be an absolute monarch and would not have any power to change laws he didn’t like
  • tax paying citizens would be allowed to vote for members of the legislature however poor people did not have the right to vote even if they paid taxes
42
Q

Changes brought by the National Assembly

A
  • special privileges of nobles eg.titles were no longer recognized
  • king had to accept “civil constitution of the clergy “church men had to be elected and answerable to government
  • church lands were taken over and began public property
  • new paper money Assignants was introduced but lost value du to hyperinflation
  • although some church land was sold to peasants for low prices most was sold to merchants and lawyers
  • judges had to be elected and could no longer buy their jobs like before the revolution
43
Q

Execution of the king

Louis fall from power

A
  • under new constitution Louis became” king of French “ instead of king of France-he was not happy about his new position
  • 20 June 1791 -he attempted to escape and leave France but was captured at Varennes
  • this led to calls for France to become a republic (country ruled without king)
  • 1792-Austria Duke of Brunswick invaded France and threatened to destroy Paris if members of the royal family are harmed
  • Louis was accused of being a traitor who didn’t do enough to protect his country from foreign invasion
  • 10 august an angry crowd attacked the kings Tuileries palace ,about 1200 people were killed
  • Louis and his family were imprisoned .On 21 September a new convention (parliament) was set up .it voted for a republic.
44
Q

Louis sentenced to death

A
  • December 1792 -Louis was put on trial and accused of plotting against the French nation and helping Austrian invasion.Found guilty and sentenced to death
  • 21 January 1793 Louis Capet,former king Louis XVI of France was executed at the place de la revolution in Paris

History (2 decks)

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