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French Revolution > French Rev Key Terms Section 2 > Flashcards

French Rev Key Terms Section 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

First session of Estates-General

A

May 1789; speeches failed to settle 3rd estates concerns

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2
Q

What do 3rd Estate vote to rename themselves as?

A

National Assembly; asserting its right to represent the nation; gave themselves right over taxation; forced govn to acknowledge them!!

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3
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

20th June 1789 - room where National Assembly (3rd E) supposed to meet was locked/guarded (feared king wanted to forcibly dissolve NA); Bailly led them to royal Tennis Court; swore Tennis Court Oath = never to disband until France had new constitution; direct challenge to authority of king; first revolutionary action

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4
Q

Royal Session - Seance Royale

A

23rd June 1789 = KL tries to dismiss E-G but fails; KL refuses to accept National Assembly; he accepted principle of consent to new taxation & fairer land tax based on value of land NOT social status

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5
Q

Significance of 27th June 1789?

A

KL finally accepts National Assembly; permits voting by head; orders 1st & 2nd Estates to join NA; but few trusted king as he had steady flow of troops to Paris (suspicious!!! = 4th July 1789. 30,000 troops)

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6
Q

What does National Assembly rename itself?

A

National Constituent Assembly

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7
Q

Organised establishment of National Guard

A

13th July 1789 = to police Paris, restore order & protect Parisians/property

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8
Q

Storming of Bastille

A

14th July 1789 = catalysed by Necker’s dismissal & ongoing economic crisis!
Retirement home for war veterans stormed by 8,000ppl to gain weapons
Rumours of stores of gunpowder @ Bastille; swelling crowd, National Guard, Paris Commune & soldiers went to Bastille
De Launay opened fire onto crowd; crowds entered by force & he was decapitated w/ head splayed on pike
7 prisoners freed
Success! = representative of destroying despotism & symbolic victory over Ancien Regime; no more fear of National Constituent Assembly being dissolved

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9
Q

Significance of 17th July 1789

A

KL addressed Parisians from steps of Hotel de Villa
Wore revolutionary cockade
Announced reinstating Necker & acceptance of NCA; as well as of Paris Commune & National Guard

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10
Q

The Great Fear

A

17th July - 3rd August 1789 = period of panic & riot by peasants outside of Paris; rumours of royal guards / noble brigands stealing grain & attacking farming families; fear of emigres forming foreign armies to wreak vengeance in peasants for past events
Grain merchants made profit out of scarce of grain

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11
Q

NCA’s response to Great Fear = Abolition of Feudal Rights

A

Riots easily shut down by royal forces
Abolished feudal rights (payments by peasants to feudal lord (seigneur) in money/service) in attempts to appease peasants & prevent further disorder)
Needed to ensure peasants paid state (royal) taxes so didn’t care about feudal ones
Decision fulfilled Enlightenment principles

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12
Q

August Decrees - 1789

A

Feudal dues on services abolished (w/ no compensation to landlords)
Tithes/fees/ provincial privilege abolished
No more venality - justice was free
All citizens to pay same taxes on everything!!!
Established to calm people, but was only list of ideas; King’s consent needed to set as laws
Empowered NCA further as people gave them greater loyalty
Helped to set up Declaration of the Right of Man

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13
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

A

26th August 1789 = 17 articles drawn up by NCA summarising revolutionary ideals & framework for details of new constitution
Derived from Enlightenment principles (e.g. Montesquieu’s insistence on separation of powers)
“All men are born & remain free & equal in rights”
Influenced by American Rights/Independence; ideas universal & fundamental to man
Protected bourgeoisie interests & elites of who wrote it
Attacked & ended Ancien Regime

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14
Q

Problem w/ King in August 1789

A

Refused to accept both August Decrees & Declaration of the Rights of Man (suggested his former acceptance of NCA was in doubt)
Told to stand firm by M-A & court (conceding to change would go against his belief of Divine Right of Kings)
Couldn’t use force as he had doubts of his royal troops

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15
Q

Banquet of Flaunders Regiment

A

1st October 1789 - People declared oath of loyalty to king; rumours of desecrating revolutionary tricolour (trampled on it & worn wrong way w/ symbol of allegiance of king w/ only Bourbon white colour)
Suggestive king was excessive & rejecting revolution
Sparked reaction = Marat, Danton & Desmoulins called for march on Versailles; had intended public outrage

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16
Q

The October Days & significance of 5th October 1789

A

1789 = KL was uncooperative w/ revolutionary emergence
NCA agreed measures to curb king’s power = offered him ‘suspensory veto’ rather than absolute one (power to delay some legislation); but king again seen to summon troops back to Paris
Flaunders Banquet rumours was catalyst to further crowd action
5th - 6/7,000 ppl (majority women) march from Paris to Versailles; accompanied by 20,000 National Guard as precaution to maintain order & ensure no harm to king
Crowds gained admittance to Palace; pressing KL for action; stormed M’A’s chambers; king promised to provide more grain to Parisians; forced to accept August Decrees & Declaration of Rights of Man!!!! (Also agreed to crowd’s demands that he & family move to Paris)
Lafayette’s NG restored order

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17
Q

6th Oct 1789 Significance

A

Royal family escorted back to Paris by mob of women & National Guard; taken to Tuileries Palace & treated more like prisoners than royalty
2weeks later = NCA also moved to Paris as Constitutional Monarchy enforced by crowd

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18
Q

Problem w/ Catholic Church

A

NCA believed it associated w/ Ancien Regime (corrupt privileges of 1st Estate!); philosophes criticised its power/influence
Monks/nuns who devoted life to prayer not seen as contributing to society
Spread of Anti-clerical literature due to conflicting powers of Church/State
Wealth of Church could be confiscated to benefit fiscal state of France (clergy had given up tithe in Aug Decrees & allow state to take over Church funding)
King says NCA have no authority over Church = if Church his undermined, his position for Divine King is too!

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19
Q

Church reform Aug 1789 - June 1790

A

Pluralism (holding more than one ecclesiastical office) abolished
Tithe & don gratuit (right of clergy to decide its own taxation) abolished
Church property nationalised & State began to sell it!
Protestants given full citizenship (removed elevation of Catholicism)

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20
Q

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A

12th July 1790 = Church needed reorganisation now State was in control of it & its income
Reduced number of bishops
Clergymen became paid state officials (dependable better income increased loyalty)
Bishops & Priests to be elected!!! This power taken from king & given to people
Made Church subservient to State; removed its privilege; Pope did not support this
King forced to accept in December 1790 (influences his flight to Varennes)

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21
Q

The Oath to the Civil Constitution

A

27th November 1790 = “all clergy shall swear to be faithful to nation & to maintain the power of the constitution decreed by NCA”
Enforced due to doubts over church support for CCC; if clerics refused oath they had offices/salaries taken (determined who was royal to revolution = results showed large number were not!)
7/160 bishops swore oath & 55% of Paris clergy
Those who took oath = juring priests; those who refused = refractory priests & deemed enemies of revolution
Papal bull (Apr 1791) Pope declares against CCC & some then retracted their oath; Pope suspended those who took oath
Religious dress banned & refractory priests could be deported

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22
Q

Impact of Church Reforms

A

Large numbers of clergy fled abroad!
Some feared NCA was trying to change their faith = turned them against revolution
Fear of eternal damnation was greater than commitment to revolution for many

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23
Q

1789-90 National Constituent Assembly formed new constitution (based on D of R of Man) AIMS?

A

Curb powers of monarchy
Provide liberty/equality
Set foundations for new decentralised govn
Rebuild economy
Settled on Constitutional Monarchy (system of govn w/ country ruled by monarch whose powers limited by a constitution)

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24
Q

Significance of ‘King of the French’ not ‘King of France’

A

French’ not ‘King of France’

Demonstrated power emanated from the people & law; weakened idea of Divine Right

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25
Q

Significance of New Constitution on who had right to vote

A

Distinction made between active & passive citizens
Active = male. 25+yrs, spoke french; paid direct taxes equal to 3 days work (61% of nation)
Passive = had civil rights but NOT rights to vote
Robespierre disagreed w/ this system as recognised more influence only gained through more wealth! Believed all deserved to vote!

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26
Q

Powers of the National Constituent Assembly in New Constitution

A

Make laws, collect taxes, decide issues of war/peace

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27
Q

Administrative Reforms of New Constitution

A

Old provinces abolished = created 83 departements; divided into districts; then cantons; then communes
Each departement to have its own elected council w/ 36 members w/ directorate of 8 responsible for admin in area
Responsible for law, order, taxes & reconstruction of roads; not subject to central control

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28
Q

Decentralisation

A

Key revolutionary idea - Enlightenment = in order to prevent possible return of monarchical absolutism
Made people feel involved/important @ local level & created jobs
But problems in rural communes where there were many illiterate & thus couldn’t fill offices

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29
Q

Judicial Reforms of New Constitution

A

Abolished: parlements, letters de cachet, existing law courts
Justices of peace to hear minor civil cases in each canton (group of communes)
District courts = to hear more civil cases
Departement courts = bigger criminal cases ; jury (dual system w/ 2 groups of 12 citizens; one for investigation & one for judgement)
Fixed income to remove venality
Tribunal de cassation = single central high court of appeal = SUPREME COURT
Accused person to be brought before judge within 24hrs of arrest; proceedings/judgements open to public viewing; accused to be allowed lawyer; torture, branding & hangings abolished (by 1792 only humane punishment was guillotine)
Sentences to be fair & proportionate & equal for all despite privilege/status
Accused’s property could not be seized

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30
Q

Significance of New Constitution Penal Code

A

Clarified detail of punishment & made less severe = fewer crimes punishable by death
Offered cheaper/more accessible justice
Fairer judgements incl trial by jury in criminal cases = based on Enlightenment systems in Europe

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31
Q

Economic Reforms of New Constitution

A

NCA to tax 1st/2nd Estate = ordered as one off patriotic contribution
Assignats = govn bonds (e.g. confiscated church land sold for printed certificate representing value of property) people loaned money to govn which could be exchanged for church lands known as biens nationaux = soon used like paper money for ordinary transactions BUT risky as excessive printing of them caused inflation!
New tax system formed based on land value
Gabelle (salt tax) abolished Mar 1790
Aides (drink tax) & state monopoly on tobacco maintained until 1791
Economic Restructuring Programme = to replace direct taxes (taille & vingtieme) & would compensate for loss of indirect taxes; 3 key principles = land tax, poll/property tax & limited tax on commercial activity
Difficult to assess taxes fairly; tax burden not necessarily lighter, just differently assessed
Free trade = trade/industry freed from restrictive control

32
Q

Social Reforms of New Constitution

A

August Decrees = abolished venality & privilege
Titles abolished = everyone became called citizen
Protection of individual rights & liberties; state charities provided for poor; public education offered to aid social mobility; reducing influence of church restriction on individuals; new court system offered fairer justice
HOWEVER divisions of gender/wealth/office rapidly replaced those based on birth = men had more rights than women, employers more than employees, active citizens more than passive!
All workers made to carry a livret (record of employment) :(
Le Chapelier Law (June 1791) = workers forbidden from striking & forming trade unions to protect themselves
Bourgeoisie became social winners of revolutionary changes = predominated NCA, benefitted most from new opportunities presented to those w/ wealth/education/land/status of official positions/ influence (no coincidence they became ‘backbone’ of new France

33
Q

Significance of voting in New Constitution

A

Based on wealth because richer people pay more tax & hold more financial power THEREFORE incentive to take interest in country
Universal male suffrage prevented on basis people who didn’t contribute to public revenue shouldn’t have influence on expenditure
Debates on enfranchising women & Jews were brief

34
Q

Concluding opinion of New Constitution

A

NCA made progress; but weaknesses already exposed
People have increasingly more control/power/influence
Revolution in Paris directed by bourgeoisie
Peasants unleashing pent up anger in provincial France = subdued by August Decrees
Different social groups had different priorities
France had become largely secular; dissolving authority of Church was good for Paris but angered those religious
Choice became God Vs Revolution
Massive changes but France still in economic crisis
Still imbalanced (no trade unions or strikes too ensure stability & success of changes)
Focus on benefitting bourgeoisie
Constitutional monarchy still chosen outcome

35
Q

Period of escalating radicalism & violence

A

Beginning of ‘Second Revolution’ = which would create a Republic & proceed into Terror
Paris centre of power

36
Q

Parisian mobs

A

Newspaper’s encouraged rising of the people (e.g. Marat’s L’Ami du Peuple)
Royal authority undermined by NCA
BUT NCA divided

37
Q

Political Divisions

A

Right Wing = aristocrats, monarchists & constitutional monarchists (led by Lafayette)
Left Wing = more radical & FAR LEFT led by Robespierre

38
Q

Jacobins

A

Left Wing - radical
Met daily even after NCA dissolved
152 clubs across France (Aug 1790)
High membership fees = members predominantly bourgeoisie
More radical stance 1791+ = some broke away to create more moderate Feuillant club
Originally believed in limited constitutional monarchy BUT rejected this after Flight to Varennes

39
Q

Cordeliers

A

Left Wing - radical
Danton & Desmoulins founded; Marat prominent member
Claimed to protect citizens right & watch power of NCA
Small entry fee & membership open to all (women & passive citizens!) = representative of the people
Home of radical, democratic & republican ideas
Most influential in 1792 = e.g. home of ultra-revolutionary (Hebertists) who supported extending the Terror

40
Q

King’s Flight to Varennes

A

Night of 20/21st June 1791 = Lous rejected advisor’s advice & suggestion that family should travel separately (instead choosing to travel together in large 6 horse carriage
Disguised & had fake passports
Departure delayed - 1 1/2 hrs to load carriage (coach so heavy it slowed down journey)
Lacked protection = troops waiting had left early due to carriage so late
Louis recognised by soldier; who rode to next village (Varennes) to stop coach
Arrested 21st June 1791! & NCA representatives escorted them back to Paris
Citizens turned out on streets to see royal family brought back - keep their hats on in disgrace to show disrespect (changed atmosphere of Paris)

41
Q

What triggered the King’s Flight to Varennes?

A

King’s authority questioned by NCA; lost support of army; Divine Right challenged; subjects showed lack of respect; was prisoner in Tuileries; CCC contradicted his beliefs in religion; political clubs showed increasing radicalism
Royal family denied access to Palace of Saint-Cloud to spend Easter & have Mass w/ refractory priest (18th April 1791); National guard & mob stopped them from leaving Tuileries
King & M-A in correspondence w/ growing band of emigre nobles (wanted KL to reassert his authority) & M-A had assurances from younger brother Leopoldo he would help royal family w/ troops along French border in parts of Austrian Netherlands under his control
Advised by courtiers to flee Paris & relocate to provincial city to gain support

42
Q

Outcome of King’s Flight to Varennes

A

Doubts on king’s sincerity & shattered public affections for monarchy (revolution turned against king personally)
Clear KL did not understand popularity of revolution; his behaviour undermined idea of Constitutional Monarchy
Deepened political/social divisions
Demand for republic! & abdication of monarchy making radicals more extreme in clubs & press
Intensified dear/hatred of Austria
NCA debated deposing Louis, but dethroning could lead to foreign war; decided on temporary suspension (16th July 1791) until new Constitution was ready & Louis had signed/sworn to uphold it
BUT 290 NCA deputies abstained from voting to suspend king’s powers as believed measure went too far
NCA didn’t necessarily want Republic as it might start war w/ Europe

43
Q

Self-Denying Decree

A

May 1791 = regulation proposed by Robespierre & passed by NCA
Forbade all siting members of NCA from sitting as members in Legislative Assembly = to renew govn & stop entrenchment of power in new assembly
Small number of deputies opposed it - argued replacing entire legislature would jeopardise stability of govn

44
Q

Legislative Assembly

A

Governing body of France (Oct 1791 - Sept 1792) = replaced NCA to replace & uphold laws of new constitution
Self-denying ordinance (May 1791) suggested by Robespierre prevented re-election of members from NCA (ensured his opposition were restricted from dominating LA)
Louis finally accepted arrangements 14th Sept 1791
Mostly bourgeoisie & more than half less than 30yrs old
745 deputies total, 264 Feuillant, 136 Jacobins, other 345 no political affirmation

45
Q

When was NCA finally dissolved?

A

30th Sept 1791 as the Constitution of 1791 was now in place

46
Q

When did the Legislative Assembly meet for first time?

A

1st Oct 1791 = middle of tensions

47
Q

Significance of 24th June 1791

A

30,000 Parisians marched on NCA demanding Republic

Forced away by National Guard

48
Q

Demonstration @ Champs de Mars

A

Cordeliers club Club & other more extreme societies organised meeting @ Champ de Mars (people singing petition for establishment of Republic)
6,000 ppl went too meeting
NCA & moderate Paris Commune sent Lafayette & NG to ensure order = had REVERSE EFFECT instead causing fear especially when Lafayette tried to disperse mobs (warning shots had no effect so NG fired directly into crowd!)
Number killed approx 50 but not known; to radicals this was a betrayal of the ‘people’ & seen as a massacre
Influenced divide of Jacobins to set up more moderate Feuillant Club (convinced they had to prevent revolution from becoming more extreme) ; 70/92 Jacobin clubs became Feuillant ones
Some radicalism suppressed w/ clubs/newspapers shut down & extremist leaders discouraged
Danton went to England & Desmoulins/Marat hid for a while
Increased sense of tension & anxiety - made worse by added fear of Austrian invasion

49
Q

Declaration of Pillnitz

A

27th Aug 1791 = Austrian Emperor Leopold II & ally Frederick-William III of Prussia issue declaration; stating that the situation of the French King was ‘common interest’ to all nations & the powers of the French crown should be restored
They were ready to use force to bring about restoration of royal power (worried revolutionary sentiments might spread elsewhere)
Added mistrust to the already doubted monarchy; but not taken seriously in France as few papers reported it (knew would not amount to much as the 2 leaders stated they would only intervene if other powers joined them!)
BUT noble emigres were building their own foreign armies in neighbouring Austria & German Rhineland & awaiting their chance to return
Finally caused panic in France = threat of invasion in order to stop revolution

50
Q

Emigres

A

Left after July days in 1789 as reaction to violence
Building their own private foreign armies in neighbouring Austria & German Rhineland to await chance to return
41,000 had left between 1789-92
Deputies concerned Austria & Prussia were supporting emigres & encouraging counter-revolution in France

51
Q

New Decree’s by Legislative Assembly

A

9 Nov 1791 = against emigres; threatened banishment & seizure of their property unless they returned to France by 01/01/1792
29 Nov 1791 = demanded refractory priests take oath or be treated as enemies of State
Louis used suspensory veto on both decrees (increased unpopularity & tensions & gave him nickname ‘Monsieur Veto’

52
Q

Ideas surrounding war by end of 1791

A

Brissot’s political group of ‘Brissotine’ (e.g. Girondists!!!!!) argued strongly in favour of war; claimed would be easily one as oppressed subjects of French enemies would welcome French soldiers as ‘men of liberty’
Very little opposition to idea of war in LA (since far left had failed to get any seats in election e.g Robespierre in radical Jacobin club opposed war who wanted to establish revolution firmly @ home first & concerned w/ internal threats)

53
Q

Girondins

A

Formed around Brissot’s Brissotine group
Jean-Marie Roland (businessman) & Madame Roland (saloonierre)
Active in LA & National Convention
Views often opposed by the more radical Jacobins
They saw Constitutional Monarchy as essential!

54
Q

Why did Royal family favour war?

A

Louis in secret correspondence w/ his brother & other emigres
M-A wrote to brother Leopold II; both seeking army intervention to bring about restoration of Crown powers
Hoped war to backfire & foreign powers to reinstate monarchy!
BUT Leopold II died (March 1st 1792) & succeeded by Francis II who failed to respond to France

55
Q

Significance of Feb 1792

A

Austria & Prussia make formal alliance
Prussia promised 20,000 in support of war against France
Attempt to intimidate French as they held strong combined military
Resonates Declaration of Pillnitz

56
Q

War

A

Lack of response from Leopold’s successor Francis II of demands for help, led to French declaration of war on Austria 20th April 1792 justified by NCA/LA as a ‘defence on liberty’
French troops had limited training & unprepared; mismatched w/ looted uniforms & had lost many officers as emigres
BUT French numerically superior w/ 150,000 to Austrias 35,000 (Prussia unprepared & did not join war untilMay 1792)
BUT French troops divided as ‘blues’ (volunteer battalion of NG & active citizens) didn’t trust ‘whites’ (old royal army)
Commanders appointed by KL; made troops suspicious (they’re reputations were tarnished by Champ de Mars massacre)
Officers lacked experience
Lafayette treated w/ suspicion as a royalist
French army weakened by loss of emigres & lack of organisation

57
Q

Second Set of Decrees by Legislative Assembly

A

Counter-revolutionaries became scapegoats & blamed for wrongdoings thus far
27 May 1792 = LA voted for deportation of refractory priests bc they were ‘provoking disturbances’
28 May 1792 = LA ordered disbanding of King’s guard & head of king’s guard put on trial
8 June 1792 = LA we tip a federe camp (20,000 volunteers from around France, as intended to expand force of NG & change character of group; attendees known as federes; military training & supplement regular army); Louis feared it would increase radicalism & endanger royal monarchy
Federe ‘s sang the ‘Marseillaise’ = NG became more radical, revolutionary force = fought for Sans-Culottes & pressured LA
Kl used suspensory veto against all 3 decrees (appeared attempt to undermine revolution); Dumouriez resigned his position as Minster of War & left Paris to go fight
Radicals & revolutionary clubs stirred unrest; & deterioration between King & revolutionaries

58
Q

Sans-Culottes (SC)

A

Working class supporters of political left wing (radicals); idolised heroes Danton & Marat; they met in Cordeliers club & Paris sections in 1792
Hugely radical!! Shared hatred of ‘selfish wealth’ of bourgeoisie & aristocratic elites
Lives depended on price of bread
Participated in revolutionary festivals
Name came from “without culottes” = dressing down to shun the better dressed bourgeoisie; wore tricolore
Based in Paris & wanted centralisation (more aligned w/ Jacobins & feared by Girondins)

59
Q

Journey 20th June 1792

A

Anniversary of Tennis Court Oath; in reaction to Louis’ vetos of laws & fear of emigres
Mob of 8,000 SC & some NG marched to Tuileries carrying petitions as wanted KL to repeal veto’s & reinstate pro-war ministers
Demands ignored as KL stands his ground - tries to convince crowd he supports revolution (he wore bonnet rouge & drank in favour of the nation BUT made no promises)
LA fearful of mob
Petion (Mayor of Paris) persuades mob to withdraw
28 June - Lafayette demands LA for action against protesters BUT LA stating to agree w/ people that Louis had sacrificed his claims to power by behaving irrationally so should therefore abdicate

60
Q

La Patrie En Danger

A

11th July 1792 = the “Fatherland in danger”
In response to French loses in war; called on all men to support war effort in spirit of self-sacrifice
Passive citizens invited to join NG = power given to lower classes (argued if they were to fight, they should be given vote too!)
Started debate on whether to end active vs passive citizens (LA didn’t need king’s consent)

61
Q

Feast of the Federes

A

14th July 1791 = 20,000 in Paris establishing camps even tho king vetoed it
Huge celebration of Storming of Bastillle = national harmony = La Marseillaise war song sang

62
Q

Robespierre’s speech

A

29th July = speech to LA echoing opinions of left-wing radicals that France should become Republic (had lost complete faith in Constitutional Monarchy)
Argued there should be elections to National Convention in which both active & passive citizens be given right to vote
Removal of monarchy
Wanted to create National Convention because LA’s powers had been tied to king
Wanted universal male suffrage (right to vote for all men!)
Speech just before arrival of Brunswick Manifesto!

63
Q

Brunswick Manifesto

A

Written 25th July 1792 BUT arrived to Paris 1st August!
By Duke of Brunswick who led armies; warned that any NG captured by Austrians would be put to death without mercy = ‘rebels to their king’ not soldiers
Said if king was harmed; Paris would suggest vengeance
Added more fuel to arguments of those wanting to get rid of monarchy
Intended to intimidate NG into disbanding to prevent further bloodshed - BUT backfired & made NG angry & passionate = increasing morale
Associated Louis to the Austrians = again turned the revolution against the monarchy
Divided Royalists & Republicans!

64
Q

Paris Commune

A

Set up as illegal municipal council when King was threatening Paris w/ troops (1789)
Became elected body 1790 w/ 144 members chosen by active citizens
Until Sept 1791 = Mainly Feuillants (bourgeoisie constitutional monarchists)
Until Aug 1792 = Mainly Girondins (bourgeoisie republicans)
After Journee of 10th August = Group replaced by “insurrectionary commune” w/ Jacobin majority
Nov 1792 = led by Chaumette & Hebert - influential body in Terror
After Thermidor coup = replaced by 12 independent municipal councils

65
Q

Paris Sections

A

48 in Paris - divisions of the commune
Known for their millitancy (use of confrontation / violent methods in support of political/social causes)
Assemblies of the sections were meeting places of Sans-Culottes
Most journees organised by sections; meant power of king declining & allowed for power of radicals to increase

66
Q

Storming of the Hotel De Ville

A

9th August 1792 = Sans-Culottes take over Mayor’s main space = as Petion mayor encouraged this
Develop a ‘Revolutionary Commune’
Hebert adopted as leader of Sans-Culottes (people were politicised & better organised = more of a threat, greater influence)

67
Q

Journee of 10th August 1792!!!!!

A

Second Sans-Culottes march to Tuileries Palace (encouraged by Jacobins)
Mob of 20,000 SC, accompanied by 2,000 federes & National Guard
Demonstration carefully planned as both sides well armed
At Tuileries King persuaded by advisors to seek sanctuary in LA while 2/3,000 men (700-800 Swiss Guards) took defence positions @ Palace
Mob arrived BUT single shot fired sparked 2hr battle! Palace set on fire
1,000 approx Sans-Culottes & federes killed/wounded BUT Swiss Guard & Royal soldiers faired much worse (nearly all massacred)
Crowds stormed LA = forcing it to recognise the Revolutionary Commune

68
Q

Immediate Events from journee 10th august 1792 dictated by radials

A

Paris Commune removed King & royal family 7 sent them to the Temple prison (monarchy shown no respect)
BUT LA carefully avoided any proclamation to depose King or establish Republic = merely declared him as ‘temporarily suspended’ - as Constitution was worthless without a king
Issued decree to end distinction between active & passive citizens (though rejected Robespierre’s demand to establish 2-tier voting system)
A new Convention, elected by all men over 25yrs (universal male suffrage) was promised
Danton = favourite of SC made Minister of Justice
Announced all laws vetoed by Louis were to be immediately passed
17 Aug 1792 = special tribunal (court) set up w/ juries & judges to prosecute traitors
26 Aug 1793 = refractory priests given 2 weeks to leave country voluntarily or face deportation to French Guyana
Compensation to former seigneurs was cancelled (to reduce agitations of peasantry)
LA being pressured by Paris Commune & Sans-Culottes so impossible to resist

69
Q

Lafayette significance 1792

A

All too much = made bid to march on Paris to restore Constiution; failed to attract support & fled country
19th Aug 1792 = he defected to the Austrians
Lafayette replaced by Dumouriez & those associated w/ Lafayette were removed

70
Q

Danton steps forward to reduce panic of failings in war

A

30 Aug 1792 = authorised house-searches for weapons that were hidden by the ‘ill-disposed’ ; 3,000 consequently taken to prison
2 Sept 1792 = launched a levee enforcing conscription or death; despite being Minister of Justice, he encouraged Violence

71
Q

Events of September Massacres

A

2-6 Sept 1792
First attacks led by federes aimed @ refractory priests = they were being taken or held in prisons
Massacres spread to political prisoners, ordinary criminals, monks, nuns & priests - attack in from of physical attack or trial & execution
Largely carried out by spontaneous Sans-Culottes = encouraged by Paris Commune, National Guard & individuals like Marat
LA did nothing to stop them
1,500 Prisoners massacred = confirmed fears of moderates that Sans-Culottes were savage = led to them being called the “drinkers of blood” (not just metaphorical!); emphasised power of the people & extreme chaos they were capable of
Now that they were freed from monarchical oppression, they wanted equality
Turned Girondins against Jacobins (too violent/extreme/radical)

72
Q

Outcome of September Massacres

A

Fears abroad of danger of popular revolution confirmed
Girondins blamed Jacobins for inciting violent behaviour (increasing split already underway)
LA appeared weak
Radical leaders e.g. Danton & Robespierre gained more influence/popularity

73
Q

Elections leading to National Convention

A

National Convention needed as LA was based around Constitution of 1791 & now outdated
Voting = universal male suffrage (all males over 25yrs had right to vote); not many Parisians voted, so widening electorate to all men had little impact -> IRONIC
Provincial France elected similar people to those of LA as Girondins exploited need for stability via newspaper propaganda
Paris = radical leaders gained influence & support (Robespierre, Danton, Marat, Desmoulins)
Structure = 200 Girondins & 100 Jacobins (came to be known as Montagnards!!! Those Jacobin deputies in NC supporting radical policies of Robespierre!); 420 in ‘the plain’ (not committed to extreme radicalism nor excess moderation
Elections became more crucial as factions impacted country - power rested in who could win over ‘the Plain’ & the Sans-Culottes loyalty

74
Q

Significance of 20th Sept 1792

A

Day new National Convention opened = French army also happened to win victory against combined Austrian/Prussian army in war @ Valmy
News reached Paris 21st Sept & gave NC new air of optimism

75
Q

Conclusion of 1792

A

Moderate Constitutional Monarchy & LA keen to seek compromise
France transformed by war = radicalised revolution; opportunity for Sans-Culottes to become influential
Parisian mob became active = drove revolution forwards on more extreme path; 2 JOURNEES of 20th June & 10th August intimidated & pressured authorities
King discredited, imprisoned & suspended; his actions forced LA to cave to demands of the people; didn’t prove himself to be Constitutional Monarch
Revolutionaries dividing into political factions = Montagnards/Jacobins & Girondins harnessing power of different groups
LA complacency made them appear weak; it accomplished everything originally desired by bourgeoisie, new govn had lawful power BUT hadn’t organised army, wasn’t entirely united in France; forced to take second place to more radical Paris Commune
Insurrectinary Commune set up
National Convention set up same day as French won victory against Austrian/Prussia forces @ Valmy

French Revolution (4 decks)

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