french history yr13

Question 1

terror definition

Answer 1

a govt that uses intimidation and centralisation of power socially, econ and politically.

Question 2

War of the First Coalition (who and why)

Answer 2

-France declared declared war on Britain and Holland on 1st feb 1793 and spain in march.
- pre-emptive strike.
-spain ruled by relatives of bourbon fam-appalled at Louis execution.
-so by end of feb they were now at war with austria, prussia, britain, holland, spain, portugal and piermont sardinia- the 1st coalition.
-april 1793-demoriez defects to the austrians following a major defeat by the austrians at Neerwinden, he was joined by louis phillipe (philippe Egalites son). -led the convention to question loyalty of even most renowned commanders.
-by aug 1793 british, spanish and austrian troops on F soil-war going badly.
-girondins blamed & labelled C-Rs as -pro-war and appointed Demoriez who defected.

Question 3

how does the external threat of war contribute to the internal threat of civil war in the vendee?

Answer 3

1-war is going badly and some didn’t have faith in it and didn’t want to fight/die for a govt whose policies they didn’t agree with. 2. Conscription viewed as an infringement on liberty/enlightened ideas-levy of 300,000 troops for the war effort.
Mainly Provoked by regicide and the levy.
BUT -final straw in growing discontent amongst peasant rural pop who resented the CCC, (3/4 of priests had refused to swear an oath of allegiance) and had failed to benefit from the sale of church lands. -very religious and good relationship between peasants and 1st E in this area-tithe was used to help w poor relief. The peasantry looked to local, largely royalist nobility for leadership. Some monarchists saw this as an opp to restore the monarchy so popular revolt became bound up in C-R.

Question 4

threat of civil war in vendee- 11th march 1793

Answer 4

-anger and resentment taken out on local officials, NGs and constitutional priests.
-initially rebels outnumbered NGs, 10,000 to 1400. -300-500 NGs killed.
-rebels used guerilla warfare & scorched earth.
-rev forces where overwhelmed by strength in no.s being forced to withdraw from Charlonnes-22nd march, 10,000 rebels attacked Cholet.
-widespread riots against grain stores-rising prices and scarcity-demands for price controls and requisitioning.
-end of march 20,000 rebels controlled the vendee and sacked other cities-spreading e.g Nantes.
-by april vendeans had an army of 80,000 men and the threat seemed so great the govt sent 30,000 troops-(taken away from the war effort).
-july-declared independence from paris-highlighted they were against the rev
-choans (band of criminal peasants-mad money smuggling salt) also joined the Vendean revolt.
-motives for revolt was resentment of govt measures e.g abolition of gabelle, measures against the clergy and the levy.

Question 5

but was it really a threat?

Answer 5

-by oct vendeans suffered several defeats inc. at Cholet.
-by dec vendeans defeated by rev army, an additional 100,000 troops redirected to vendee by aug 1793.
-followed by long period of brutality (till apr 1794) & terror against the vendee-humanitarian crisis.

Question 6

how did these threats institutionalise the terror

Answer 6

-rev tribunal-10th march, and to reinforce its authority in the vendee on the 19th of march-NC gave orders for armed rebels to be executed without trial within 24hrs.
-21st march-surveillance committees - every village.
-28th march-emigres returning would be outlawed & executed without trial
- support for monarchy a capital offence-29th march
-to control the growing crisis, Convention, increasingly influenced by the Jacobins & R, created a body responsible for the war effort & to defend rev from int/ext enemies.
-6 April 1793 – CPS -1st apparatus of the terror.
-war council and a body for maintaining internal security, consisted of 9 members-7 from plain and 2 more radical inc. Danton.
-awarded significant powers e.g to appoint/dismiss commanders/generals in army, issue arrest warrants but answerable to the NC who tried to curb its powers e.g members had to change on a monthly basis. But becomes linchpin of ‘Rev Govt’.

Question 7

trial of Marat -12th April

Answer 7

-G blamed him for feb disturbances, inciting murder, pillage and attacking the authority of the convention.
-marat blamed G for Fs problems in l’ami de peuple and attacks on the G printing press on 9/10th march -partly inspired by his words.
-tried before the rev tribunal but was acquitted & carried back to NC in triumph by thousands of his SC supporters.

Question 8

how did Marats trial damage their standing/ why were the girondins disliked.

Answer 8

Danton used it to portray them as enemies of liberty and the republic.
-consequence- on 3rd may, 8000 demonstrators surrounded the NC demanding price controls on bread.
-Jacobins who were initially opposed, passed the law of max on grain & bread-4th may.
-G -opposed arguing food supplies would increase and prices would fall-reluctant to adopt emergency measures to defend rev/ provide for econ demands of parisian workers.
-political war between J+G -disagreed over fate of louis and each side saw the other was conspiring against the rev.
-SCs disliked G as they called SCs ‘buveurs de sang’ (drinkers of blood).
-G blamed for failure of war & -ve econ impacts e.g fall in value of assignat-made food more expensive. -loss of colonial markets and rising unemployment in luxury trades-SC dissatisfaction.
-paris sections called for price controls on basic commodities-NC refused.
-militant disturbances in feb over bread and soap prices- bakers/grocers who refused to lower prices threatened w violence, NG brought under control.

Question 9

journee 2nd june

Answer 9

-26th may R argued for insurrection against ‘corrupt deputies’ in NC.
-journee of 2nd of June- 100,000 NG’s surrounded the NC demanding the arrest of 29 G deputies; deputies were physically stopped from leaving. -had a vote, (75 abstained) and enough voted to have them arrested.
-NC’s power=in hands of J, but were now dependent on SCs and had to accept use of force against an elected assembly.
-also demanded a max price on all essential goods.

Question 10

internal unrest in Paris-riots in feb 1793

Answer 10

war exacerbated dire econ sitch- value of assignat dropped-inflation
-bread (already in short supply) redirected to soldiers
-naval blockade of French ports damaged foreign trade-unemployment in luxury goods.
- riots started almost exclusively by women protesting against the high price of bread, sugar, coffee, even soap.
-late Feb, riots joined by men, threatening violence against bakers and grocers who refused to lower prices.
-Marat fanned flames of discontent; he blamed hoarders & C-Rs, encouraging SCs to insurrection. -riots take place across 48 sections in Paris but demanding a price cap goes against enlightened principles of free trade.

Question 11

riots in march 1793

Answer 11

Unrest took a political turn - news of D defection.
-SCs saw Dumouriez’s close links with Gs as proof they were secret C-Rs.
-9/10 March – well organised groups vented their anger by smashing G press & calling for them to be thrown out of the Convention.
SCs unrest damaged the standing of the G as Marat, Danton, Robespierre and jacobins aligned themselves w SCs imposing price controls and use riots to shift blame for high food prices and defeat in war to the Gs. -war on words.
-Girondins, such as Brissot, opposed the demands of SCs for price controls, & continued to advocate free trade.
-May 1793, J in Paris began to side with SCs led by the Enrages (inc. Jacques Roux) & the Paris Commune over food policy.
-1 May 1793 – 8,000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention to force action.
-4 May 1793 - Convention took its 1st steps toward price controls, setting a max on grain & bread.
-didn’t really work as farmers sold their grain on the black market so supplies to paris fell again & bread prices rose
-brissots newspaper condemned the SCs actions as ‘brigand and anarchy’.

Question 12

Machines of terror - CPS and CGS

Answer 12

2nd oct 1792- take responsibility for policing/administering justice. -aimed to root out all anti-republican opp, reported to NC.
CPS-6th April 1793-responsible for conduct of war in & out of F, army, supplies and application of rev laws. Authority over CGS & reps en mission.

Question 13

machines of terror - rev calendar, tribunal, reps en mission and watch committees.

Answer 13

-rev calendar-5th oct 1793- complete breakaway from past/church/AR. -started when the republic was claimed-22nd sept 1792, ignored Sundays and church festivals.

-reps en mission-9th march- work in pairs & travel across F to ensure loyalty and the effective functioning of departments, maintain public order, arrest any deemed suspect, ensure morale of troops & loyalty of generals. -reasserted central control over the provinces.

-rev tribunal-10th march 1793- tried C-Rs - judges & jurymen from paris & surrounding departments elected by NC.

-watch committees-21st march 1793- established in every town/commune to look for suspicious behaviour involved in riots.
-no direct power of arrest, but those suspected put to rev tribunals. -issued certificates of civic virtue which all officials had to obtain, reported to NC.

Question 14

why were the girondins purged (radical agitators & jacobins)

Answer 14

-Paris Commune; Roux and the Enrages; Herbertists -accused Gs of being ‘the enemy of the revolution’. Organised SC insurrection 31 May – 2 June 1793.
-Marat – scandalous accusations and calls for violence.
-L’Ami du people- Gs complicit in D betrayal; called for their lynching, demanded the dismissal of Gs who had voted against LXVI’s execution.
-SCs- blamed Gs failure of war & econ fallout of it.
-Feb/March 1793 – bread and soap riots
-Pressure for economic terror (4 May 1793)
-Developing plans for a purge of the G deputies
-31 May - 2 June surrounded the Convention (3 day stand-off)
-jacobins- sided with the SCs by pressing the max price argument (4 May 1793)
-R- 10 April Convention meeting- accused Brissot of being a member of a corrupt criminal conspiracy. Called for their trial for C-R crimes.
-Danton- used Marat’s trial to portray G as enemies of Rev.
-26 May 1793 - R called for SCs to rise up in insurrection against G deputies.
-Marat & Danton – fuelled a culture of paranoia.

Question 15

why were the Girodins purged -own failings, war, fear of C-R)

Answer 15

own - deeply unpopular with the SCs -opposed their demands, Brissot-critical of them.
-Misjudged the mood & pop of Marat (24 April).
-WAR- Declining fortunes, D defection damaged the standing (pro-war) weapon for J to wield in power struggle.
-FEAR OF C-R - accused of harbouring monarchist sympathies.

Question 16

federalist revolt -threat!

Answer 16

-expulsion of G propelled a revolt in departments where support was strongest.
-29th May 1793- J leaders in Lyon’s, ( 2nd largest city) forced out of office.
-2nd June- similar expulsions in Avignon, Bordeaux, Caen, Toulon and Marseilles.
-60 of the 83 departments protested against the expulsions.
-Toulon appealed for help from anglo-spanish fleet and British navy, proclaimed Louis as king again. -Toulon key naval base-26 ships so rev army was quickly sent in to lay siege on the city-was taken in Dec w help of Napoleon.
-No C-R but branded as such by J in propaganda, instead a reaction to the direction the rev was talking-radical and violent, strong centralising control of J in Paris, resentment of paris commune and support for G.
-just trying to preserve the initial gains of the rev
-this and rebellion in the vendee = danger of civil war.

Question 17

not a threat

Answer 17

-only serious conflict in 8
-cities couldn’t work together, lacked pop support & unwilling to advance far from homes.
-few troops -Marseilles only raised 3500, Bordeaux 400.
-most of the other cities-crushed between july-oct, reps en mission sent to administer rev justice.

Question 18

how did the jacobins use it to institutionalise the terror

Answer 18

-example made of Lyons where leading jacobins had been guillotined by rebels so Couthon set up a justice court, executing 113 rebels in 3wks.
-replaced by d’herbois and Fouche-set up a rev commission sentencing 1673 to death
-4th/ 5th dec in the millitrades prisoners lined up and mowed down by grapeshot- scared local pop.
-put down by dec 1793 through siege warfare-pretty quickly-not a huge threat?
-accused federalists of committing treason- so many problems-civil war in vendee, war of 1st coalition, dire econ.
-but not C-R, just trying to preserve the initial gains of the rev.
-jacobins used this to institutionalise the terror.
-Marseilles renamed the town with no name and Couthon wanted lyons to be wiped off the map.

Question 19

new rev consensus after federalist revolt

Answer 19

Seigneurial dues abolished - 1793
1793-4 – national system of assistance (e.g. allocating small pensions to the neediest) – encouraged by Barere.
-Lakanal Law - Nov 1794 – public school in every commune, teachers selected by examination.
-Revolutionary culture (e.g. rev calendar, rev festivals, Notre Dame ‘Temple of Reason’, deChristianisation)

Question 20

jacobin const of June 1793 BUT

Answer 20

-very egalitarian/democratic
-uni male suffrage, annual elections to a single-house chamber, referendums to approve legislation on major issues.
-July 1793- put to a plebiscite and ratified by a huge maj of voters in a 30% turn-out.
Saint-Just-CPS (10 Oct 1793)- ‘The provisional govt of F is rev until peace’.
-justified: ‘temporary’ suspension of the Jacobin const, & intense surveillance across the departments.

Question 21

centralisation of CPS

Answer 21

-10 July 1793 – membership increased from 9 to 12 men.
-No 1 leader - decisions were taken collectively.
-Barere- CPS spokesman in the Convention.
-27th July- Robespierre becomes lynchpin between the CPS, Convention & Jacobin Club.
between sept 1793 - july 1794 they governed F virtually unchallenged.

Question 22

levee en masse & SIG

Answer 22

-27th aug 1793
-Barere & carnot
-All young men between 18-25 called to the colours
-all of society expected to help e.g
-Women & children helped make uniforms
-SIG- led to growth of F army to nearly 1 mil by 1794.

Question 23

Carnots army reforms & SIG

Answer 23

-New manufacturing process to increase supply of gunpowder, steel.
professional training centre set up in the SW suburbs.
-reorganised naval defences
-materials requisitioned, foodstuffs and animals-relocated.
-replaced aristocratic generals/those associated w AR with new ‘routureir’ commanders (not of noble birth) who were committed to the rev.
-17 generals executed in 1793 e.g general Custine accused of passing secrets-enemy.
SIG - F army was able to win some battles & drive back invaders in the pyrenees & alpine frontier.Carnot nicknamed ‘Organiser of Victory’.
-by Dec 1793, pushed back the advancing enemy armies to outside F borders.

Question 27

religious terror

Question 28

law of frimaire

Question 32

purging of Herbertists -24th march 1794

Answer 32

-13th march-saint just read a report to NC denouncing them - accused of plotting to starve paris, establish a military dictatorship & surrender F to the enemy.-played into patriotism and fears. -lie,were actually just a threat to CPS reasons - critical of R- accused F of becoming a dictatorship, called SCs to rise up. Feb 1794 -encouraged SC militancy & insurrection -economically driven-food shortages, general max poorly enforced (farmers sold - black market). -closely aligned & pop w SCs-dominated local govt-paris commune -drivers of dechristianisation Herbert & his 18 associates exectuted.

Question 33

SIG of purging of herbertists

Answer 33

-SCs lost rep in paris commune cordeliers club-most accessible to SCs closed down -parisian armies revs disbanded -all reps en mission recalled to paris -curbed SCs power -never recovers & contributes to R fall.

Question 34

R speech on 5th feb 1794 & SIG

Answer 34

continuation of terror -necessary part of creating utopian society -ideological justification -’general will’- LT good of society more important than ST position of individual. -terror-necessary to eliminate all enemies & opps & vices of the A.R - -Argued there had to be self sacrifice to achieve a ‘republic of virtue’ and good living, fashionable clothes (exhibited by indulgents) were incompatible w rev goals. -saint-just -all the true patriots/republicans had nothing to fear from terror-means to an end SIG- justified arrest of hebertists and indulgents-C-Rs -justifies the takedown of popular revs & amplification of terror

Question 35

purging of indulgents -5th april & why

Answer 35

-des and dan critical of terror & suggested it was time for it to be rolled back -accused of being involved in illegal financial dealings involving bribery -they & 13 others guillotined on 5th April.

Question 36

SIG of purging of indulgents -5th april

Answer 36

-R willing to stop at nothing in pursuit of political control -executed his own friends. -CPS killed 2 of most pop revs- left convention & CPS in a dangerous position, growing splits, members of the plain favoured a reduction in the terror but feared to speak out. -led to an increase in opp to CPS and contributed to fall of R -creates culture of fear -Power of SCs in paris commune & sectional societies had been broken and anyone critical of their views-danger. -between march-june 1794- 1000 guillotined. -R, couthon and Saint-justs alienated the extreme revs e.g d’herbois and Varennne on one side and moderate e.g Barere on the other.

Question 37

great terror -june to 27th july

Answer 37

-high centralisation, dictatorship grounded through legislation

Question 38

law of 27 germinal yr II

Answer 38

- general police bureau-gathered intelligence on enemies, C-Rs + suspects of rev, -would infiltrate different groups. -members reported to saint-just + R-also directly signed off on arrests. -powerful weapon for R to denounce & arrest his opponents -arrested suspects-sent to rev tribunal -banned former nobles /foreigners from living in ports, frontier towns and paris.

Question 39

law of floreal -18th may 1794

Answer 39

-extended law of Frimaire -parisian tribunal exclusive jurisdiction over CR trials -all ppl in prison in provinces have to face trial in paris in front of rev tribunal, as too many ppl in provinces being acquitted for their crimes. -most other rev courts shut down. -bad conditions in prison + increase in no. of deaths.

Question 40

law of prairial-10th june 1794

Answer 40

-expanded definition of who is a suspect/definition of political crimes -a defence hearing no longer necessary, no need for a witness, jury made decisions based on moral judgement-2 choices death of acquittal. -made a guilty verdict more likely. -acquittal rate dropped to 20% -death by guillotine ⬆️ 50% -batch trials-groups of defendants tried on the same charge-sped things up. -allowed deputies themselves to be tried and arrested. -speeds up R demise, exacerbates fear that no one is safe esp. In NCS + CPS -R- increasingly paranoid -reach of executions-unprecedented level; rev tribunal sent 1594 ppl to guillotine (accounting for ½ the no. of executions in the entire period of the terror in paris).

Question 41

cult of supreme being

Answer 41

-CPS aware of strength of religious belief & worried that resentment could lead to disturbances. -driven by R who believed SC de-christianisation had gone too far and it was very divisive but didn't want to reinstate catholicism so created a new religion-ideas heavily influenced by civic religion provided in Rousseau's social contract 1762. -since late 1793-religious buildings-closed, priests & pastors had been married, abandoned their parishioners, gone underground or emigrated. -cult of reason set up in many towns but was widely ignored. -dechristianisation -deeply unpopular in some areas e.g vendee, brittany. -celebrating the rev whilst recognising there was some supreme being. -march 1794 R announced new festivals to be held on national days of new calendar to celebrate republican virtues. Attempt to establish central control over religious ceremonies & give them a deist not atheist inspiration. -attempted to attract christian support as they no longer had churches.

Question 42

festival of supreme being -8th june

Answer 42

parades of groups from paris sections & convention, speech by robespierre on republic virtue-elected president of convention. -a statue of atheism was set alight and burned to reveal a figure of wisdom -marked a point of high patriotic fervour-masked suspicion and fear.

Question 43

SIG of cult of supreme being

Answer 43

annoys everyone -SCs - divers of dechristianisation -CPS - supposed to be sharing power but just R -catholics - mocking religion

Question 44

reasons for Rs fall

Answer 44

-opp and weariness to terror -grown from late 1793 -accusations of tyranny & dictatorship-louder-purging of pop rev figures -divisions surrounding dechristianisation & direction of rev -emerged -Factions within CPS-quarrelled w both moderates + extremist who saw his work as head of police bureau as infringing on their authority. -germinal - police bureau to prosecute dishonest officials. CGS deeply resented the interference with its own control of internal security so the 2 committees= rivals. -Billaud and Collot-CPS (close to Herbert) -felt threatened by R. R-extremely critical of Collot- measures he had implemented to restore order in Lyons. -some members of CPS disliked saint just's laws of ventose-26th feb 1974 & made sure they weren't put into practice. Cult of supreme being- figure of ridicule didn't advance status. -SCs - anti-religious & drove dechristianisation- felt R was ignoring them and showed he didn't care abt SCs opinions. -Catholics-mocking religion & it ignored catholic doctrine, ceremonies and pope. -Anti-clericals- 1st step in the reintro of catholicism. -Econ discontent- raised max on prices in march =inflation & a fall in assignat to 36% of original value, max on wages-led to a fall, by ½ in some cases-angered SC. -R policies began to affect SCs daily lives, begin to question terror. Law of prairial -10th june 1974-culture of fear -no one is safe from denunciations! -R-increasingly paranoid.

Question 45

Rs removal

Answer 45

-26th july -R speech to NC - 'conspiracy against public liberty' -promised to name them. both moderates e.g Carnot & terrorists e.g Fouche & Collot feared they might be named so combined against him accusing him of dictatorship. -NC ordered R and his close associates Couthon & Saint Just arrested. -all escaped arrest & went to paris commune at hotel de ville. -tried to rally supporters against the NC. Initial NG supporters left when conventions forces arrived, arrested R for a 2nd time and was sent to the guillotine. -27th july -R, saint-just, couthon & 19 other J guillotined. -Following 3 days another 104 supporters of R executed.

Question 48

white terror

Answer 48

-summer 1795-spring 1796 -reaction against terror -revenge against those associated w it, very little political ideology behind it. -carried out by gangs/militia-jeunesse doree-guilded youth, Muskadins. -companies of ‘Jesus of Lyons’ and ‘sun in Nimes’ were royalist -particularly bad in areas that had experienced the terror- e.g Brittany.

Question 49

white terror in paris

Answer 49

-m/c youths led by Feron -wanted a moderate republic to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie -blamed scs for steering rev off course -had their own subculture-clothing hairstyles -formed gangs-beat up and intimidated scs, enacted vigilante justice against J. -forced closure of J club & newspapers -most violence in provinces e.g lyons and marseilles -may 1795-prison massacres reminiscent of massacres in sept 1792 -massacres and street murders costs 2000 lives in 1795

Question 50

Freron

Answer 50

Radical journalist, called for the execution of the king & establishment of a republic following the flight to varennes. -elected to NC in aug 1792-close associate of R. -turned on R fearing his own life allied w Fouche and D’herbois, -active role in coup of thermidor. -hypocrite and managed to avoid being brought to justice for his own terrorist activities.

Question 51

white terror in Vendee & Brittany

Answer 51

-Guerilla warfare flared in Vendee. -supported by compte de artois. -terror didn’t successfully achieve its aims and wipe out undrest or C-R in vendee. -terror unleashed in vendee exacerbated discontent. -royalist movement, the Chouannerie, in Brittany took shape. -Law & order broke down outside towns -June 1795 – the Chouannerie supported by 3,000 émigrés who were supported by the British. -Put down by Hoche in 1796.

Question 52

White terror -april-may 1795 -departments in south F

Answer 52

-attack on ex-terrorists and those who had done well out of the rev by those who suffered under it. -purges and campaigns where thermidorians took action against the former proponents of the terror, supported by muscadins-encouraged by Feron, Jeunesse doree-m/c, fashionable, -walked around towns and cities w canes and wooden clubs -attacked SCs & J, cut down trees of liberty, trampled on tricolour cockades & forced closure of pro-J newspapers. -destroyed the J club, led a campaign to de-martyrise Marat & helped defend the convention. -victims of the terror e.g chouans in NW F, peasants in vendee & federalists of cities formed gangs/militias to drive out/murder local jacobins -some were royalists but most just sought vengeance, violence-spontaneous. -violent massacre in Lyons-may 1795-jacobin prisoner hauled from cells & slaughtered -gangs e.g Jeunesse doree killed 2000 prisoners in SE in 1795. -Misleading as white was colour of bourbons so it implies a royalist reaction, but most weren’t. -never as bloody or indiscriminate as Jacobin Terror.

Question 53

convention reaction to white terror

Answer 53

-thermidorian govt didn't do much, left unchecked, wasn't properly dealt with until 1797-directory used army to put it down and impose martial law to regain control -unorthodox measures. -little action taken to crush them as gangs weren’t seen to be a real threat, so they spread rapidly. BUT convention did try to mediate e.g offered amnesty for anyone who handed in arms in vendee.

Question 54

rising of germinal -1st April 1795 why, what, SIG?

Answer 54

-govt was weakened and SC saw an opp to show their power again. -10,000 invaded the convention demanding ‘bread and the const of 1793’. -hunger, inflation. But demonstrators not armed/organised, when NG arrived they withdrew without resistance, leading agitators arrested. SIG - Convention placed Paris under martial law, gave command of city to General Pichegru and arrested those believed to be agitators. -sped up deportations of former Montagnards and ordered de-arming in Paris & provinces, of all who had played a part in the terror.

Question 55

rising of prairial -20/21st may 1795

Answer 55

-reaction against the terrors excesses. -demanded release of J prisoners-(Billaud, Varenne & D'herbois), instatement of 1793 const & new controls to ensure better supply of food in the capital. -hunger/famine, inflation. -large no. of SC women & armed men invaded convention. -forced their way into the meeting hall, murdered a deputy-Feraud who tried to stop them and paraded his head on a pike. -convention agreed to establish a food commission but rebels didn't disperse, called troops. -Muscadins helped in defence of the convention, hurling insults at the mobs. -more trouble next day-20,000 SC & NGs trained loaded cannon at the convention. -40,000 regular soldiers called in to dispel crowds in the largest display of military force in Paris since rev. -But no shots fired, negotiations, petitions & promises presented so SC withdrew. -convention marched troops to the Faubourg saint-antoine and forced the surrender of weapons. -leaders/presumed rounded up and murderers of Feraud found, any who had defected to the rioters, found bearing arms or rebel emblems-arrested. -6000 cross examined and 42 NG and 6/12 deputies who had supported the demonstrators demands-executed.

Question 56

SIG

Answer 56

-SC Power-finally broken-silenced-end of radical phase. -govt not be dictated to by pop protest/ insurrection. -return to rev ideals-curbing mob rule. -Govt. - unorthodox methods – e.g. martial law after Germinal and army used to regain control in Prairial. -1st time army use since 1789 revellion riots-returning to measure of A.R. -Ppl wanted a more moderate form of govt. -A more stable const was established (J const -shelved).