Freezing of Foods Flashcards
Name the two steps of ice crystal formation
- Nucleation
- Crystal growth
What occurs during heterogeneous nucleation
crystals grow on inhomogeneities in the surrounds e.g. scratches on a dish, cell organelles. Once crystals are grown crystal growth can occur
Why is heterogenous nucleation a problem
Crystals grown between cells, e.g potato cells will draw water from the surrounding tissues, deforming the cells and rupturing the structure. This results in low product quality
What is homogenous nucleation
Formation of small ice embryos in the interior of a substance
Why is homogenous nucleation hard to achieve
For spontaneous nucleation to occur we need a negative free energy but because of the Laplace equation, pressure is always acting on the ice embryos which allows them to melt again.
How can homogenous nucleation be achieved
Supercooling
Define: Supercooling
A process which occurs when heat is removed from a product so rapidly that the molecules do not have enough time to align themselves in the ordered structure of a solid. The food is cooled below its freezing point without becoming a solid.
How does the degree of supercooling affect the radius of the ice crystal
Crystal radius depends on the degree of supercooling. With a large degree of supercooling, small critical radius ice crystals can form throughout the food.
What is the affect of adding a solute on freezing temperature
- Freezing point depression
- As water freezes, the concentration of the remaining solution increases. As solute concentration concentration increases the freezing temperature will continue to decrease. This continues until the eutectic temperature is met. The product does not have a single freezing point
Define: Refrigerant
Something that is cold
Define: Primary refrigerant
Substances which are brought into direct contact with food, or contained within the mechanics of a system. E.g. water
Define: Secondary refrigerant
Substance which is made cold by indirect contact with primary refrigerant. E.g Air (or brine) chilled by conact with a primary refrigerant.
What must occur in order for something to freeze
Temperature must fall from ambient temperature through the solid:liquid phase boundary
What factors act agains the removal of heat from a substance
- Insulating boundary layer at surface of food - Food freezes from outside in - Surface transfer co-efficient - Thermal conductivity
How does the insulating boundary layer affect how food freezes. How can this be limited
The insulating boundary layer is a thin layer of still air that surrounds food, insualting it and preventing heat loss Boundary layer can be reduced by agitation