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Freedom Struggle Flashcards

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1
Q

Balgangadhar Tilak?

A

Estd a social org-
DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY
(Society estd an edu institute-
Fergusson college in 1882)

Ganpati festival-1893
Shivaji festival-1895

No Tax,No Revenue campaign-1896

“Father of Indian unrest”
-Valentine Chirol(British journalist)
Thus BGT filed a case against him and went to London
Thus HRM dolly came to an end in 1918

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2
Q

Bgt’s papers?

A

Maharatta (English)
Kesari(marathi)

Lal bal pal +Aurobindo ghosh

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3
Q

Swadeshi &boycott based on what philosophy?

A

‘ATMA SHAKTI’
(Self Reliance)

Acc to this

Every person was to create self confidence in order to -

Promote indigenous goods&culture

Boycott foreign made goods

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4
Q

Contribution of swadeshi mvmnt in cultural sphere?

A

AMAR SONAR BANGLA-Tagore

Bande Mataram-Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Thakurmar jhuli(collection of local folk stories of Bengal)-
Dakshina Ranjan Mitra Majumdar

Oriental society of art(institutional support given to cultural development)-1st recipient of scholarship-NANDLAL BOSE

ABANINDRA NATH TAGORE-abandoned British themes
&adopred Mughal &rajput themes

ACHARYA P.C.Ray(scientific personality)
Bengal chemical factory-for reducing dependency on imported chemical products

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5
Q

AIML founders?

A

Nawab Aga Khan of Dacca

&

Nawab Mohsin-ul -mulk

In 1906

(This led to

  • alienation of Muslims from the swadeshi-boycott mvmnt
  • mutual suspicion among 2 religious groups(communal riots))
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6
Q

Differences btw extremists&moderates during swadeshi?

A

In pace

&. Extention of the mvmnt

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7
Q

Surat split?

A

IN 1907
Presided by moderate leader-
RAS BEHARI GHOSH

Pherozeshah Mehta estd his control over congress and
Exterminated extremist leaders

Thus formal split

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8
Q

Policy of British rule after Surat split?

A

Policy of conciliation-for moderates
Eg-MORLEY MINTO REFORMS COMMITEE

Policy of brutal suppression-for extremists
Eg-BGT was arrested(6yrs RI)
In MANDALAY JAIL(Burma)
Returned back in 1914

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9
Q

1st Indian member in GG’s executive council?

As provided in Indian councils act-1909

A

SP SINHA

Head of law dept

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10
Q

Provision of separate electorates,how did it lead to growth in communalism in subcontinent?

A

Separate electorates emphasised on the idea that-
Political interest of the religious communities were distinct from each other

Thus with LUCKNOW PACT-
Congress made a blunder by validating the separate electorate provisions

&thus reinforcing the belief that
Political interests are distinct

This can be said to be the 1st step towards the growth &dvlpmnt of communalism

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11
Q

Annie besant?

A

Irish reformer Came to India as a member of -
THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
(Earlier HQ-New York
Later HQ-ADEYAR)

1-to promote religious reforms within Hinduism
2-contributed towards edu reforms by establishing
CENTRAL HINDU SCHOOL (Benaras)
Later it became-BHU by Madan Mohan Malviya

Home rule mvmnt-1916
Was arrested during the mvmnt

Congress president-Calcutta session-1917
(1st woman prez of INC)

Called off the mvmnt after
AUGUST DECLARATION in 1917 by sec of state(Montague)

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12
Q

Education institutes during British rule?( govt)

A

1st step-by WARREN HASTINGS
estd
CALCUTTA MADRASA in 1781
(Purpose-to promote Islamic learning through Persian or Arabic language)

FORT WILLIAM COLLEGE(Calcutta)-Wellesley
Hailey bury college in London
(ICS training institute-
So that they could be trained in Indian conditions and thus deliver efficient service)

British officer-JONATHAN DUNCAN
estd
SANSKRIT COLLEGE at Benaras in 1791
(Purpose-to promote religious,traditional learning through sanskrit language)

3 'CENTRAL UNIVERSITIES'were estd 
Under CHARLES WOOD's recommendations
(8On the pattern of British universities)
Calcutta
Bombay
Madras 
In 1857
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13
Q

Edu institutions (pvt individuals+mvmnts)

A

BGT-estd Deccan education society
Which in turn estd FERGUSSON COLLEGE in 1882
BGT was a teacher in this institution

ANNIE BESANT-estd
CENTRAL HINDU SCHOOL
(BHU)

Kashi Vidyapeeth(Benaras)-
Jamia Millia Islamia(Aligarh)-Gandhi advocated for indigenous institutions to promote edu in India as British edu institutions were boycotted
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14
Q

Objectives of HRM?

A

:To spread the concept of “Swaraj”
Or self rule
In remotest corners of the country
(Mvmnt was not urban in character)

:to explain the meaning of “home rule” to common masses(through speeches,hand written notes,reading rooms&libraries in remotest places)

(These were practical &down-to-earth approaches)

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15
Q

Biggest achievement of HRM?

A

1st time National mvmnt percolated to mass level in real sense

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16
Q

August declaration?

A

To check HRM

MONTAGUE declared in 1917

“Ultimate aim of BR in India is to
Associate more &more in admin system
To establish responsible govt in India”

To fulfill the promise,
Montague-Chelmsford Committee was constituted
Which led to GOI ACT-1919

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17
Q

Gandhi’s importance?

A

Gave an organised character to INM
sustained leadership to INM

He developed his technique of
Mass struggle in South Africa

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18
Q

Gandhi’s important literary works?

A

INDIAN OPINION (1903)

HIND SWARAJ

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19
Q

Gandhi’s distinctive techniques for mass movement?

A

STRUGGLE-TRUCE-STRUGGLE

he believed in ‘long drawn struggle’
Instead of short struggle with quick&full solution

Through his strategy he wanted to move closer to his ultimate objective

(Active passive phases of INM,
Objectives can be achieved in a phased &organised manner)

Gandhi gave ample opportunity to his opposition to change stand
(Eg-he used call off mvmnt with even min change in stand of opposition)

Own forms of struggle like-
NCM
CDM
SATYAGRAHA 
HUNGER STRIKE
GRADUAL STARVATION("do or die")

Gandhi was against structural violence (not just against British authority but against every form of structural violence present..eg-patriarchy
Caste hierarchy
Unjust authority
Racial discrimination,etc)

Means also need to be justified to attain ends

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20
Q

Gandhi national movement during passive phase?

A

Adopted soci-cultural &economic dimensions

4 major programmes-
1)to promote Hindu-Muslim unity

2) to ensure emancipation of workers
3) to abolish untouchability

4)to promote CHARKHA&KHADI
(as symbols of economic self-reliance)

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21
Q

Gandhian form of struggle-
NON COOPERATION?

CDM?

A

He advised his followers not to
Cooperate with exploitative&discriminatory authority

This form was further developed as
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MVMNT
(Whereby civilians are asked to disobey with reactionary regime )

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22
Q

SATYAGRAHA?

A

Based on 2 imp components of-

Truth

Non-violence

(These components were borrowed from doctrine of JAINISM which marked an influence on Gandhi)

Techniques of ‘hunger strike’
‘Gradual starvation’
Also influenced by principles of Jainism (sallekhana)

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23
Q

Gujrati merchant for whom Gandhi fought a case&shot contract for 1 year?

Gandhi’s political centre for carrying out struggle against racial discrimination in South Africa?

Gandhi being an effective fund raiser got funds from?

A

Dada Abdullah

Tolstoy farm (that acted as predecessor of several ashramas in India,most popular being-
Sabarmati Ashrama in Ahemdabad)

German friend-Kallenbach
Emerging Indian industrialist-
Sir Ratan Tata

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24
Q

Gandhi’s initial movements

A

Champaran satyagraha -North Bihar (1917)- RK Shukla

Ahemdabad mill owner’s case-
Ambalal Sarabhai
(His sister Anusuya Behn supported Gandhi)

Kheda-Sardar Vallabh BHAI Patel&
Indulal Yagnik

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25
Q

Tinkathia system?

A

System in which farmers had to continuously cultivate indigo on
3/20th part of the land

Forced by European planters(19th century) on peasants of Champaran
So as to meet world demand for indigo for dyeing clothes

By20th century-Germany invented synthetic dye
Reduce in demand of indigo

Farmers demanded sufficient compensation before being relieved from this system as due to continuous indigo cultivation soil fertility had been adversely affected

Gandhi protested

Result-35%of total compensation demanded was released by European planters
Success

26
Q

Ahemdabad mill owners case?

A

Mill owners had assured to pay “plague bonus”

However after the calamity they refused to pay it

Gandhi could not support any person against his ideals-thus he opposed even his close friend Ambalal Sarabhai

Used hunger strike for the1st time

Result-25%of the Amnt was provided

In order to promote better relationship btw mill owners &workers,
He emphasised on -
Peaceful arbitration&
Trusteeship

Thus estd-Ahemdabad Textile Assn.

27
Q

Kheda satyagraha?

A

Peasant’s demands-

Reduction in LR
security of tenure for labourers
Agricultural support

Result-all the demands were accepted

28
Q

Treaty imposed on Turkey?

A

Treaty of serves (imp region of THRACE of Turkey was captured by Britain)

Thus khilafat mvmnt started by

Ali bros(Shaukat & Mohd)

29
Q

2 popular leaders of pj who protested against Rowlatt Act?

A

Dr Satyapal

Dr Saifuddin kitchlew

Common masses opposed this arbitrary arrest
Thus Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919

30
Q

NCM objectives?

A

To redress khilafat wrong

To rectify pj disturbances

To establish ‘swaraj’

Timing-on the day when BGT passed
1st August 1920-Nagpur session

(M Viraraghavachari)

31
Q

NCM features?

A

Large no of Indian lawyers abandoned their legal profession

Large no of students left British estd institutions
Thus Gandhi advocated indigenous edu institutions to promote edu in India so that education should not be in stake during active phases of INM
thus-KASHI VIDHYAPEETH(Benaras)
Jamia Millia Islamia(Aligarh)

Large participation of women

Biggest feature-Muslim participation

These gave a real mass character to the mvmnt

Boycott of foreign made goods,
Thus affected the prestige of British crown in India

32
Q

Pre congress regional associations?

A

Indian Calcutta association in 1876
S N Banerjee
Anand Mohan Bose (A N Bose)
(SNB&ANB)

Madras Mahajan Sabha in 1884

(G.Subraminye Aiyer
 M Vira Raghavachari
 T Anandacharlu)
(MMS-ARC)
Bombay Presidency Association1885
(Pheroze Shah Mehta
 Badruddin tyabji
 KT Telang)
(BPA-BPT)
33
Q

Where did Gandhi announce to withdraw NCM?

A

Bardoli-GJ

34
Q

Swaraj party?

A

In Gaya Session of INC in1922,Swaraj party was announced by CR Das

Formal existence of party-1jan 1923
With CR Das as President
&Motilal Nehru as secretary

Reason of formation-
Difference of opinion among leaders of congress regarding how to utilise the period of truce.

Swarajists(Pro-Changers)advocated for participation in Central Legislative Assembly

‘No-Changers’ advocated for Gandhian strategy of truce-(carrying 4 major programmes)-
C Rajagopalachari
Rajendra Prasad

Election to central legislative council held in 1924
Speaker of central legislative council-
Vithalbhai J.Patel

35
Q

Speaker of Central legislative assembly?

A

Vithalbhai J Patel in 1925

36
Q

Achievements of Swaraj party?

A

::election of speaker

\::Opposition to-
Public Safety Bill
(Whereby British authority wanted to curb civil liberty&political rights of Indian masses)
&
Trade dispute bill
(Supposed to prohibit-
 Trade Unions&
 Collective bargaining of workers in India )

Such opposition earned them huge respect &acceptability among masses

They walked away collectively &renounced membership to start CDM-this act demonstrated their commitment towards political liberation of India …which further earned them respect

(These 2bills are also associated with Bhagat Singh&Battukeshwar Dutt bomb case)

37
Q

Simon commission?

A

In 1926
British authority in London decided to review the whole scheme of ‘DYARCHY’ at provincial level that proved to be dysfunctional

For this purpose-Simon commission constituted in 1927

38
Q

Significance of Simon commission?

A

It acted as a ‘catalyst’
To energise masses in India for another phase of active struggle

Since Lord Simon was not allowed to review the scheme of DYARCHY,
He threw the challenge to Indian leaders to frame the provisions of future const of India

Challenge accepted by congress
Thus Expert Committee led by
Motilal Nehru

Submitted report during Calcutta session in1928

39
Q

Proposals of Nehru report?

A

:Dominion status to India
:Joint Hindu Muslim electorates
:Universal adult franchise
:Equal rights for women, et cetera

40
Q

Nehru report?

A

Rejected by Jawaharlal Nehru as he was demanding complete independence for India

Rejected by Muhammad Ali Jinnah now who wanted to take the responsibility of drafting future const of india

He began to drift towards communal politics.
And went forward to place demands in the form of-14 points
(All these demands for radical demands that led to clear-cut separation of A I ML from I NC)

41
Q

Main features of Lahore Session presided by?

A

Jawaharlal Nehru
1 TRICOLOR FLAG of India

2 ‘POORNA SWARAJ’

3 26 January 1930 as first Independence Day
4 Congress leaders authorised Gandhi to start CDM

42
Q

Gandhi is 11 demands?

A

1 abolishing of salt Law
2 abolishing of forest law
3 release of political prisoners not charged with violence
4 provision of civil liberty for masses of India

Demands rejected by Lord Irwin

43
Q

Regional expressions of CDM?

A

1 Khudai Khidnatgars in NWFP
2 protest against forest law in Karnataka
3 temple entry movement (Depressed class movement in extreme south)
4 Rani Gaidilieu( in Nagaland,Manipur)
5 Anti chowkidar mvmnt(in Bihar,Bengal)

44
Q

Unique features of CDM?
Unique features of NCM?
Unique features of QIM?

A

CDM – large women participation
NCM – large Muslim participation
QIM-large student participation

CDM – most distinctive character was its all India presence through regional manifestations

45
Q

Rani Gaidileu?

A

Peaceful movement in region of Nagaland

Moment could not be sustained she was arrested and was released in 1947 by leaders of free India

46
Q

Anti chowkidari campaign?

A

In return of Bengal and Bihar

Local people protested against collection of toll charges in an arbitrary manner

Got most with CDM

47
Q

Protest against Forest law?

A

Region of Karnataka

Where local masses and leaders oppose the provisions of FOREST LAW

It prohibited with local people to utilise forest resources

48
Q

What was the purpose of holding round table conferences?

A

1 to consider the report submitted by Lord Simon

In the third sitting of round table conference the final draft of GO I act 1935 was made

To discuss Indian affairs

First session of RTC in November 1930
No representation of INC thus futile

Second ITC

49
Q

Proposals of Cabinet Mission?

A

Cabinet 13 separate group of groups of state
2 Indian should frame their Constitution (Constituent assembly)

Interim government by Indian leaders

50
Q

Gandhi Irwin pact?

A

Two of these Gandhi and I NC leader Gandhi Irwin pact was finalised

11 demands of Gandhi were accepted

So Gandhi ji suspended CDM and went to London for second RTC

Gandhi demanded “Dominion status for India “
It was rejected
He returned back empty-handed

Lost mass support

51
Q

Third RTC

A

Elaborate discussion on Indian Administration

British parliament enacted GEOI act of 1935 thereby

52
Q

Ramsey McDonald’s communal award

A

Because of deliberations in all the three RTC

Ambedkar convinced British apology to take effective measures Swiss to improve the status of depressed classes

Communal award in 1932

Separate electorates in cENTRAL legislative Council and provincial legislative Council

53
Q

Why did Gandhi opposed communal award

A

It was based on accepting “depressed classes” as a distinct community from Hindu society

Where as Gandhi considered members of depressed classes as an “Integral part of India “
And to emphasise on the special status. He coined the term “HARIJAN”

Does Poona pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar in 1932

54
Q

Poona Pact

A

Reservation of seats was provided on the basis of untouchability

55
Q

What were the consequences of GO I act 1935?

A

Provincial elections – 1937 – I NC won

Difference in opinion among I NC – whether to join government or not

CA Rajagopalachari form government

I NC – absolute majority in 6/11 provinces
\: United provinces
\: Central province
\: Bombay
\: Madras
\: Bihar
\: Orissa

In NWFP, Sindh,Assam – Formed government

Non-Congress government – PJ and Bengal

56
Q

Punjab government in In 1937 elections

Government in Bengal

A

Unionist party – Sikandar Hayat Khan

Coalition government(MUSLIM LEAGUE) and regional political party (KRASAK PRAJA PARTY)
HS SUHRAWARDY
57
Q

Events leading to communalism?

A

1 A I ML-1906
2 I NC accepted separate electorate demand of Muslim league
3 Nehru report rejected by Jenna
Communal shift – 14 points (demands
4 I NC a I ML split 1929
51937 elections Punjab began to demand their separate Indian territory
6 Rahmat Ali Who coined the term Pakistan
7 a IML formally demanded Pakistan in law session in 1940

58
Q

1937 Congress government actions and achievements?

A

Gave all forms of Civil Liberties and political rights to masses in nine provinces

Supported as in movements and working class movement is thoroughly

Freedom of press and public opinion were ensured

All the steps lead to mass popularity of Congress leaders

Do you all resign from provincial governments collectively to participate in mass movement

This act earned them respect

59
Q

August offer?

A

August 1940

India would be given “DOMINION STATUS “in near future

No constitutional development can take place in India against the wishes of minority communities (veto power – come into litres of India)

60
Q

So Stafford Cripps?

A

Member of British cabinet

Game is proposed in 1942

GRIPS PROPOSAL
India would be given “DOMINION STATUS “after the end of World War II

Constitutional development cannot take place without minority communities

Gandhi convene a special meeting of AICC at Bombay on 8 August 1942 – declaration of Q IM

61
Q

“DO OR DIE “

A

Given by Gandhi
Indicated is minute in mood
But he emphasised –
That Indians will either librate their motherland or sacrifice their life peacefully

zpre-Modern History (7 decks)

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