Freedom Struggle Flashcards
Balgangadhar Tilak?
Estd a social org-
DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY
(Society estd an edu institute-
Fergusson college in 1882)
Ganpati festival-1893
Shivaji festival-1895
No Tax,No Revenue campaign-1896
“Father of Indian unrest”
-Valentine Chirol(British journalist)
Thus BGT filed a case against him and went to London
Thus HRM dolly came to an end in 1918
Bgt’s papers?
Maharatta (English)
Kesari(marathi)
Lal bal pal +Aurobindo ghosh
Swadeshi &boycott based on what philosophy?
‘ATMA SHAKTI’
(Self Reliance)
Acc to this
Every person was to create self confidence in order to -
Promote indigenous goods&culture
Boycott foreign made goods
Contribution of swadeshi mvmnt in cultural sphere?
AMAR SONAR BANGLA-Tagore
Bande Mataram-Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Thakurmar jhuli(collection of local folk stories of Bengal)- Dakshina Ranjan Mitra Majumdar
Oriental society of art(institutional support given to cultural development)-1st recipient of scholarship-NANDLAL BOSE
ABANINDRA NATH TAGORE-abandoned British themes
&adopred Mughal &rajput themes
ACHARYA P.C.Ray(scientific personality)
Bengal chemical factory-for reducing dependency on imported chemical products
AIML founders?
Nawab Aga Khan of Dacca
&
Nawab Mohsin-ul -mulk
In 1906
(This led to
- alienation of Muslims from the swadeshi-boycott mvmnt
- mutual suspicion among 2 religious groups(communal riots))
Differences btw extremists&moderates during swadeshi?
In pace
&. Extention of the mvmnt
Surat split?
IN 1907
Presided by moderate leader-
RAS BEHARI GHOSH
Pherozeshah Mehta estd his control over congress and
Exterminated extremist leaders
Thus formal split
Policy of British rule after Surat split?
Policy of conciliation-for moderates
Eg-MORLEY MINTO REFORMS COMMITEE
Policy of brutal suppression-for extremists
Eg-BGT was arrested(6yrs RI)
In MANDALAY JAIL(Burma)
Returned back in 1914
1st Indian member in GG’s executive council?
As provided in Indian councils act-1909
SP SINHA
Head of law dept
Provision of separate electorates,how did it lead to growth in communalism in subcontinent?
Separate electorates emphasised on the idea that-
Political interest of the religious communities were distinct from each other
Thus with LUCKNOW PACT-
Congress made a blunder by validating the separate electorate provisions
&thus reinforcing the belief that
Political interests are distinct
This can be said to be the 1st step towards the growth &dvlpmnt of communalism
Annie besant?
Irish reformer Came to India as a member of -
THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
(Earlier HQ-New York
Later HQ-ADEYAR)
1-to promote religious reforms within Hinduism
2-contributed towards edu reforms by establishing
CENTRAL HINDU SCHOOL (Benaras)
Later it became-BHU by Madan Mohan Malviya
Home rule mvmnt-1916
Was arrested during the mvmnt
Congress president-Calcutta session-1917
(1st woman prez of INC)
Called off the mvmnt after
AUGUST DECLARATION in 1917 by sec of state(Montague)
Education institutes during British rule?( govt)
1st step-by WARREN HASTINGS
estd
CALCUTTA MADRASA in 1781
(Purpose-to promote Islamic learning through Persian or Arabic language)
FORT WILLIAM COLLEGE(Calcutta)-Wellesley
Hailey bury college in London
(ICS training institute-
So that they could be trained in Indian conditions and thus deliver efficient service)
British officer-JONATHAN DUNCAN
estd
SANSKRIT COLLEGE at Benaras in 1791
(Purpose-to promote religious,traditional learning through sanskrit language)
3 'CENTRAL UNIVERSITIES'were estd Under CHARLES WOOD's recommendations (8On the pattern of British universities) Calcutta Bombay Madras In 1857
Edu institutions (pvt individuals+mvmnts)
BGT-estd Deccan education society
Which in turn estd FERGUSSON COLLEGE in 1882
BGT was a teacher in this institution
ANNIE BESANT-estd
CENTRAL HINDU SCHOOL
(BHU)
Kashi Vidyapeeth(Benaras)- Jamia Millia Islamia(Aligarh)-Gandhi advocated for indigenous institutions to promote edu in India as British edu institutions were boycotted
Objectives of HRM?
:To spread the concept of “Swaraj”
Or self rule
In remotest corners of the country
(Mvmnt was not urban in character)
:to explain the meaning of “home rule” to common masses(through speeches,hand written notes,reading rooms&libraries in remotest places)
(These were practical &down-to-earth approaches)
Biggest achievement of HRM?
1st time National mvmnt percolated to mass level in real sense
August declaration?
To check HRM
MONTAGUE declared in 1917
“Ultimate aim of BR in India is to
Associate more &more in admin system
To establish responsible govt in India”
To fulfill the promise,
Montague-Chelmsford Committee was constituted
Which led to GOI ACT-1919
Gandhi’s importance?
Gave an organised character to INM
sustained leadership to INM
He developed his technique of
Mass struggle in South Africa
Gandhi’s important literary works?
INDIAN OPINION (1903)
HIND SWARAJ
Gandhi’s distinctive techniques for mass movement?
STRUGGLE-TRUCE-STRUGGLE
he believed in ‘long drawn struggle’
Instead of short struggle with quick&full solution
Through his strategy he wanted to move closer to his ultimate objective
(Active passive phases of INM,
Objectives can be achieved in a phased &organised manner)
Gandhi gave ample opportunity to his opposition to change stand
(Eg-he used call off mvmnt with even min change in stand of opposition)
Own forms of struggle like-
NCM
CDM
SATYAGRAHA
HUNGER STRIKE
GRADUAL STARVATION("do or die")
Gandhi was against structural violence (not just against British authority but against every form of structural violence present..eg-patriarchy
Caste hierarchy
Unjust authority
Racial discrimination,etc)
Means also need to be justified to attain ends
Gandhi national movement during passive phase?
Adopted soci-cultural &economic dimensions
4 major programmes-
1)to promote Hindu-Muslim unity
2) to ensure emancipation of workers
3) to abolish untouchability
4)to promote CHARKHA&KHADI
(as symbols of economic self-reliance)
Gandhian form of struggle-
NON COOPERATION?
CDM?
He advised his followers not to
Cooperate with exploitative&discriminatory authority
This form was further developed as
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MVMNT
(Whereby civilians are asked to disobey with reactionary regime )
SATYAGRAHA?
Based on 2 imp components of-
Truth
Non-violence
(These components were borrowed from doctrine of JAINISM which marked an influence on Gandhi)
Techniques of ‘hunger strike’
‘Gradual starvation’
Also influenced by principles of Jainism (sallekhana)
Gujrati merchant for whom Gandhi fought a case&shot contract for 1 year?
Gandhi’s political centre for carrying out struggle against racial discrimination in South Africa?
Gandhi being an effective fund raiser got funds from?
Dada Abdullah
Tolstoy farm (that acted as predecessor of several ashramas in India,most popular being- Sabarmati Ashrama in Ahemdabad)
German friend-Kallenbach
Emerging Indian industrialist-
Sir Ratan Tata
Gandhi’s initial movements
Champaran satyagraha -North Bihar (1917)- RK Shukla
Ahemdabad mill owner’s case-
Ambalal Sarabhai
(His sister Anusuya Behn supported Gandhi)
Kheda-Sardar Vallabh BHAI Patel&
Indulal Yagnik
Tinkathia system?
System in which farmers had to continuously cultivate indigo on
3/20th part of the land
Forced by European planters(19th century) on peasants of Champaran
So as to meet world demand for indigo for dyeing clothes
By20th century-Germany invented synthetic dye
Reduce in demand of indigo
Farmers demanded sufficient compensation before being relieved from this system as due to continuous indigo cultivation soil fertility had been adversely affected
Gandhi protested
Result-35%of total compensation demanded was released by European planters
Success
Ahemdabad mill owners case?
Mill owners had assured to pay “plague bonus”
However after the calamity they refused to pay it
Gandhi could not support any person against his ideals-thus he opposed even his close friend Ambalal Sarabhai
Used hunger strike for the1st time
Result-25%of the Amnt was provided
In order to promote better relationship btw mill owners &workers,
He emphasised on -
Peaceful arbitration&
Trusteeship
Thus estd-Ahemdabad Textile Assn.
Kheda satyagraha?
Peasant’s demands-
Reduction in LR
security of tenure for labourers
Agricultural support
Result-all the demands were accepted
Treaty imposed on Turkey?
Treaty of serves (imp region of THRACE of Turkey was captured by Britain)
Thus khilafat mvmnt started by
Ali bros(Shaukat & Mohd)
2 popular leaders of pj who protested against Rowlatt Act?
Dr Satyapal
Dr Saifuddin kitchlew
Common masses opposed this arbitrary arrest
Thus Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919
NCM objectives?
To redress khilafat wrong
To rectify pj disturbances
To establish ‘swaraj’
Timing-on the day when BGT passed
1st August 1920-Nagpur session
(M Viraraghavachari)
NCM features?
Large no of Indian lawyers abandoned their legal profession
Large no of students left British estd institutions
Thus Gandhi advocated indigenous edu institutions to promote edu in India so that education should not be in stake during active phases of INM
thus-KASHI VIDHYAPEETH(Benaras)
Jamia Millia Islamia(Aligarh)
Large participation of women
Biggest feature-Muslim participation
These gave a real mass character to the mvmnt
Boycott of foreign made goods,
Thus affected the prestige of British crown in India
Pre congress regional associations?
Indian Calcutta association in 1876
S N Banerjee
Anand Mohan Bose (A N Bose)
(SNB&ANB)
Madras Mahajan Sabha in 1884
(G.Subraminye Aiyer M Vira Raghavachari T Anandacharlu) (MMS-ARC) Bombay Presidency Association1885 (Pheroze Shah Mehta Badruddin tyabji KT Telang) (BPA-BPT)
Where did Gandhi announce to withdraw NCM?
Bardoli-GJ
Swaraj party?
In Gaya Session of INC in1922,Swaraj party was announced by CR Das
Formal existence of party-1jan 1923
With CR Das as President
&Motilal Nehru as secretary
Reason of formation-
Difference of opinion among leaders of congress regarding how to utilise the period of truce.
Swarajists(Pro-Changers)advocated for participation in Central Legislative Assembly
‘No-Changers’ advocated for Gandhian strategy of truce-(carrying 4 major programmes)-
C Rajagopalachari
Rajendra Prasad
Election to central legislative council held in 1924
Speaker of central legislative council-
Vithalbhai J.Patel
Speaker of Central legislative assembly?
Vithalbhai J Patel in 1925
Achievements of Swaraj party?
::election of speaker
\::Opposition to- Public Safety Bill (Whereby British authority wanted to curb civil liberty&political rights of Indian masses) & Trade dispute bill (Supposed to prohibit- Trade Unions& Collective bargaining of workers in India )
Such opposition earned them huge respect &acceptability among masses
They walked away collectively &renounced membership to start CDM-this act demonstrated their commitment towards political liberation of India …which further earned them respect
(These 2bills are also associated with Bhagat Singh&Battukeshwar Dutt bomb case)
Simon commission?
In 1926
British authority in London decided to review the whole scheme of ‘DYARCHY’ at provincial level that proved to be dysfunctional
For this purpose-Simon commission constituted in 1927
Significance of Simon commission?
It acted as a ‘catalyst’
To energise masses in India for another phase of active struggle
Since Lord Simon was not allowed to review the scheme of DYARCHY,
He threw the challenge to Indian leaders to frame the provisions of future const of India
Challenge accepted by congress
Thus Expert Committee led by
Motilal Nehru
Submitted report during Calcutta session in1928
Proposals of Nehru report?
:Dominion status to India
:Joint Hindu Muslim electorates
:Universal adult franchise
:Equal rights for women, et cetera
Nehru report?
Rejected by Jawaharlal Nehru as he was demanding complete independence for India
Rejected by Muhammad Ali Jinnah now who wanted to take the responsibility of drafting future const of india
He began to drift towards communal politics.
And went forward to place demands in the form of-14 points
(All these demands for radical demands that led to clear-cut separation of A I ML from I NC)
Main features of Lahore Session presided by?
Jawaharlal Nehru
1 TRICOLOR FLAG of India
2 ‘POORNA SWARAJ’
3 26 January 1930 as first Independence Day
4 Congress leaders authorised Gandhi to start CDM
Gandhi is 11 demands?
1 abolishing of salt Law
2 abolishing of forest law
3 release of political prisoners not charged with violence
4 provision of civil liberty for masses of India
Demands rejected by Lord Irwin
Regional expressions of CDM?
1 Khudai Khidnatgars in NWFP
2 protest against forest law in Karnataka
3 temple entry movement (Depressed class movement in extreme south)
4 Rani Gaidilieu( in Nagaland,Manipur)
5 Anti chowkidar mvmnt(in Bihar,Bengal)
Unique features of CDM?
Unique features of NCM?
Unique features of QIM?
CDM – large women participation
NCM – large Muslim participation
QIM-large student participation
CDM – most distinctive character was its all India presence through regional manifestations
Rani Gaidileu?
Peaceful movement in region of Nagaland
Moment could not be sustained she was arrested and was released in 1947 by leaders of free India
Anti chowkidari campaign?
In return of Bengal and Bihar
Local people protested against collection of toll charges in an arbitrary manner
Got most with CDM
Protest against Forest law?
Region of Karnataka
Where local masses and leaders oppose the provisions of FOREST LAW
It prohibited with local people to utilise forest resources
What was the purpose of holding round table conferences?
1 to consider the report submitted by Lord Simon
In the third sitting of round table conference the final draft of GO I act 1935 was made
To discuss Indian affairs
First session of RTC in November 1930
No representation of INC thus futile
Second ITC
Proposals of Cabinet Mission?
Cabinet 13 separate group of groups of state
2 Indian should frame their Constitution (Constituent assembly)
Interim government by Indian leaders
Gandhi Irwin pact?
Two of these Gandhi and I NC leader Gandhi Irwin pact was finalised
11 demands of Gandhi were accepted
So Gandhi ji suspended CDM and went to London for second RTC
Gandhi demanded “Dominion status for India “
It was rejected
He returned back empty-handed
Lost mass support
Third RTC
Elaborate discussion on Indian Administration
British parliament enacted GEOI act of 1935 thereby
Ramsey McDonald’s communal award
Because of deliberations in all the three RTC
Ambedkar convinced British apology to take effective measures Swiss to improve the status of depressed classes
Communal award in 1932
Separate electorates in cENTRAL legislative Council and provincial legislative Council
Why did Gandhi opposed communal award
It was based on accepting “depressed classes” as a distinct community from Hindu society
Where as Gandhi considered members of depressed classes as an “Integral part of India “
And to emphasise on the special status. He coined the term “HARIJAN”
Does Poona pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar in 1932
Poona Pact
Reservation of seats was provided on the basis of untouchability
What were the consequences of GO I act 1935?
Provincial elections – 1937 – I NC won
Difference in opinion among I NC – whether to join government or not
CA Rajagopalachari form government
I NC – absolute majority in 6/11 provinces \: United provinces \: Central province \: Bombay \: Madras \: Bihar \: Orissa
In NWFP, Sindh,Assam – Formed government
Non-Congress government – PJ and Bengal
Punjab government in In 1937 elections
Government in Bengal
Unionist party – Sikandar Hayat Khan
Coalition government(MUSLIM LEAGUE) and regional political party (KRASAK PRAJA PARTY) HS SUHRAWARDY
Events leading to communalism?
1 A I ML-1906
2 I NC accepted separate electorate demand of Muslim league
3 Nehru report rejected by Jenna
Communal shift – 14 points (demands
4 I NC a I ML split 1929
51937 elections Punjab began to demand their separate Indian territory
6 Rahmat Ali Who coined the term Pakistan
7 a IML formally demanded Pakistan in law session in 1940
1937 Congress government actions and achievements?
Gave all forms of Civil Liberties and political rights to masses in nine provinces
Supported as in movements and working class movement is thoroughly
Freedom of press and public opinion were ensured
All the steps lead to mass popularity of Congress leaders
Do you all resign from provincial governments collectively to participate in mass movement
This act earned them respect
August offer?
August 1940
India would be given “DOMINION STATUS “in near future
No constitutional development can take place in India against the wishes of minority communities (veto power – come into litres of India)
So Stafford Cripps?
Member of British cabinet
Game is proposed in 1942
GRIPS PROPOSAL
India would be given “DOMINION STATUS “after the end of World War II
Constitutional development cannot take place without minority communities
Gandhi convene a special meeting of AICC at Bombay on 8 August 1942 – declaration of Q IM
“DO OR DIE “
Given by Gandhi
Indicated is minute in mood
But he emphasised –
That Indians will either librate their motherland or sacrifice their life peacefully
