Free Responses

Question 1

Describe the regulation of a heart rate by autonomic nervous system including the contributions of both sympathetic and parasympathetic division‘s as well as the neurotransmitters and the cellular actions one word to the respective receptors on specialized pacemakers

Answer 1

The heart receives dual innervation from ANS.
The sympathetic innervation speeds up the heart rate by releasing NE.
G- proteins activate which increases cAMP levels.
cAMP then activates protein kinase.
Parasympathetic nerves release ACh

Question 2

Describe the process and sequence of events involving typical chemical synapse

Answer 2

Action potential is conducted down the axon and reaches the axon terminal.
Action potential causes voltage and Ca2+ channels open
Then the neurotransmitter vesicle interacts with SNARE and fuses with plasma membrane

Question 3

First fill in the blanks. Briefly describe membrane potential changes and ion movements during an action potential

Answer 3

The opening of the voltage gated channels produces action potential. Then inward diffusion of Na+ reserves the potential from -70mV to +30 mV causing depolarization to the axon. When K+ Chanel opens the potential goes back to 70 mV.