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AP Chemistry > Free Response > Flashcards

Free Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Moving down the periodic table, do elements become more or less metallic?

A

More metallic as you move down groups on the periodic table.

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2
Q

Is the charge of a monatomic ion a diagonal relationship?

A

No! Charge changes from left to right but not up and down.

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3
Q

What is the diagonal trend?

A

The common movement diagonally across the periodic table that many different characteristics display. (i.e. electronegativity, atom size, electron affinity)

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4
Q

How do Pi bonds form?

A

Sideways overlap of two p-orbitals.

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5
Q

How do sigma bonds form?

A

Direct overlap of s-orbitals, an s- and p-orbitals, or two p-orbitals along the internuclear axis.

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6
Q

Van der Waals forces are more commonly known as…

A

London Dispersion Forces

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7
Q

What are Trans Fats

A

Linear long chain hydrocarbons that solidify readily because of the multiple London forces sites.

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8
Q

Why do HF, H2O, and NH3, have significantly higher boiling points than expected?

A

HYDROGEN BONDING!

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9
Q

What elements must be combined with hydrogen for hydrobonding to occur?

A

O, F, or N.

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10
Q

What is a temporary dipole?

A

A temporary state of charges sides in a nonpolar element. Also called instantaneous dipole. Temp dipoles cause weak bonds.

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11
Q

What is the formula for Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate?

A

CuS•5(H2O)

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12
Q

What is the atomic number equal to?

A

Number of protons!

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13
Q

How is mass represented in the atomic symbol of an element?

A

By “A” in the upper left corner.

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14
Q

What is the atomic number represented by in atomic symbols?

A

“Z” in the lower left corner

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15
Q

What resides in the upper right corner of an atomic symbol?

A

The charge of the ion that results from a loss or gain of electrons.

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16
Q

What is needed to find the number of neutrons?

A

The number of neutrons may only be calculated if a specific isotopic mass of an element is known.

17
Q

What’s the formula for number of electrons of an ion?

A

e = Z - charge of the ion

18
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positive ion! Has lose electrons to become positive.

19
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negative ion! Has gained electrons to become more negative.

20
Q

What is the formula for finding number of neutrons?

A

Neutrons = A - Z

Or Mass - Atomic Number.

21
Q

What is the formula for finding protons?

A

“Z” protons are always equal to the atomic number.

22
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Elements with a different number of neutrons.

23
Q

What is one way isotope mass can be determined?

A

By Mass spectrometry

24
Q

Do metal group’s boiling and melting points increase or decrease down the group?

A

Decrease from top to bottom on the PT.

25
Q

Do the BP and MP of nonmetal increase or decrease down the PT?

A

Increase!

26
Q

How do Hydrogen Bonds affect BP/MP?

A

They have especially high BP/MP because of especially strong intermolecular forces.

27
Q

What are Allotropes?

A

An element that has two or more distinct sets of chemical and physical properties. Most common in Metalliods.

28
Q

What are the allotropes of O?

And of C?

A

O2 (oxygen gas) and O3 (ozone).

Graphite, Diamond, and Buckminsterfullerene (C60).

29
Q

What is ionization energy?

A

The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom completely. Always endothermic! Energy must be added to remove an electron.

30
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

When high energy beans are trained on the surface of the elements, electrons can be ejected. Tells us the Binding Energy of electrons to an atom.

31
Q

What is electron affinity?

A

Charge that accompanies the addition of an electron. Follows the diagonal trend. Fluorine has the highest electron affinity.

32
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Describes the attraction of electrons by individual atoms. It’s a combination of ionization energy, affinity, and other factors. Also follows diagonal trend.

33
Q

How do electrons affect the size of ions?

A

Anions are bigger than the stable element and cations are smaller than the stable atom.

AP Chemistry (3 decks)

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