FRAY Terms Flashcards
Morphology
Identifying and manipulating morphemes, the smallest units of meaning in language
Ex: un-happy
(un changes the meaning)
Phonics
Relationships between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken language
Matching sounds with letters
Graphemes
Written representation of a sound, including individual letters and combinations of letters that spell phonemes
aka letter used to represent a sound (phoneme)
Phonological Awareness
Big Umbrella
Identifying and manipulating units of sound in oral language
Phonemic Awareness
Subset of phonological awareness- identifying and manipulating phonemes, the smallest unit of sound in oral language
Includes blending sounds into words, segmenting words into sounds, and deleting and playing with the sounds in spoken words
High Frequency Words
Most commonly used words in printed text (a, and, he, I, in, is, it, the, to)
Deep orthography
Relationship between letters and sounds is not direct
Shallow orthography
Consistent spelling for words and one-to-one letter sound correspondence
The Simple View of Reading
decoding x language comprehension = reading comprehension
strong reading comprehension cannot occur without both of those abilities
Decoding Strategies (2)
Sound-by-sound decoding- /b/ /a/ /l/
Chunking words into parts using syllables or morphemes- /play/ /ing/
Orthographic Map
Allows readers to commit words to long-term memory, recognizing words automatically
Phonology
The sounds in a language
Syntax
Word order, grammar, and rules of a language
Semantics
The meanings of words, phrases, and sentences (sometimes called vocabulary knowledge)
Pragmatics
Social rules of language
4 Categories of Early Print Concepts
Print meaning, text organization, sentence organization, letter and word knowledge
Shared Reading
An interactive read aloud where the students join in or share the reading of a book while guided and supported by a teacher. The teacher explicitly models the skills of proficient readers, including reading with fluency and expression
Encoding
Spelling / Converting phonemes (the smallest units of sound in spoken language) into graphemes (the written symbols or letters representing those sounds).
Schwa
vowel sound in an unstressed syllable, where a vowel does not make its long or short vowel sound. It usually sounds like the short /u/ sound, but is softer and weaker
‘a’ in balloon
‘e’ in problem
‘i’ in family
‘o’ in bottom
‘u’ in support
‘y’ in analysis
Decontextualized instruction
Isolated instruction- flashing letters- outside of text- drill and skill
Contextualized instruction
Reading a book and saying “What does spider start with? ‘S’“ - using the text
4 Letter names with NO association to their sound
h, q, w, y
Articulation Instruction
Describing the movement of the mouth and tongue position when segmenting, spelling, and word reading
Continuous sounds
Can be stretched out- does not stop air stream (sat)
Stop sounds
Stop airflow and cannot be stretched (pat)
Consonant Digraphs
Two letters spelling one sound “sh” “ch” “th” “ph”
r-controlled vowel patterns
Vowels affected by “r” sound
Ex words: car, trip, burn
-ar, -er, -ir, -or, -ur
Consonant Blends
Two letters or more blended together but can still be heard individually “br” “cl” “fl” “gr” “st”
Dipthongs
Two vowel sounds combined to make one vowel sound
Ex words: coy, flaw, cow
oi, oy, aw, au, ow, ou
Vowel Teams
Ex words: play, coat, clue, book, tool, light
Long a (ai, ay)
Long e (ee, ea)
Long o (oa, ow)
Long u (ue, ew)
oo (both sounds)
Long i (-y, igh)
Decoding Inventory
Way to monitor children’s decoding abilities in context (can do with any book, observe and note errors, record how the child attempted to read words)
Running Record
Way to record a child’s reading level and skills as he or she reads from a book
Decodable Texts
Best for developing decoders
Contain a high number of words with sound-spelling correspondences that a child has already learned
Predictable Texts
For beginning readers
Students use context clues to figure out words- repeated sentences or phrases on each page with some words changing
Chunking
Dividing a word into parts that can be decoded
Syllabication
Compound words and two-syllable words
Morphology
the study of words and their parts, called morphemes, and how they combine to create meaning
Bound Morphemes
Cannot stand on their own (un, ness, s)
Free Morphemes
Can stand on their own (cat, happy)
Inflectional Morphemes
Changes the grammatical property of the word
-s, -es, -ing, -ed
Derivational Morphemes
Affixes added to root words to change the meaning and or form of a word
(affixes are prefixes- appears at start of a word- and suffixes- appears at end of the word)
Fluency
Accurate word reading, automatic word reading, and prosody
Prosody
The reader’s expression
