France: Languedoc & Roussillon Flashcards
What is Languedoc’s climate?
Warm Mediterranean
High levels of sunshine, very warm summers, low moisture
What is the Canal du Midi?
A canal built in the late 17th century connecting the Languedoc to Bordeaux
How much do AOC wines account for in Languedoc’s total production?
Only 15%
Large volumes of wine are produced under IGP.
How much of Languedoc’s total production do Co-operatives account for?
60%
Down from 90% in the 1950s
What is the average rainfall of Languedoc?
629mm
What is a major climactic influence encouraging the dry climate of Languedoc?
The cool, dry Tramontane wind (coming from NW) blows for about 200 days per year.
How does the Tramontane wind affect Languedoc?
The Tramontane wind is a cool dry wind coming from the North West that blows for about 200 days per year.
The low moisture and the drying wind means there is low fungal disease pressure.
What are the five most planted black grape varieties of the Languedoc?
- Syrah
- Grenache
- Merlot
- Carignan
- Cabernet Sauvignon
(In order)
What are the viticultural characteristics of Carignan?
- Late budding, very late ripening (avoids frosts, needs warm mediterranean climate to successfully ripen).
- Vigourous, can produce high yields (sometimes 200hL/ha)
- Prone to powdery mildew, less so to botrytis and downey.
- Prone to grape moths
- Bunches cling firmly to the vine, so not suitable for mechanical harvesting
- High acid and tannin
What is another common name for Carignan?
Mazuelo
Why is bush vine training well adapted to the climate of Languedoc?
Provides shading in the mediterranean climate
Why are producers moving away from bush vines in Languedoc?
Many producers are using trellises to allow a high degree of mechanisation, reducing costs.
The reduced availability of labour, and the better quality machines on the market have contributed to this trend.
What are the three regions in France where carbonic maceration is a common technique?
- Burgundy
- Beaujolais
- Languedoc
What are the strengths of the Languedoc region for grape growing?
- Low moisture levels, dry tramontane wind, warm and sunny, adequate rainfall all mean little disease pressure and more organic producers.
What are the weaknesses of the Langudoc region for grape growing?
- In dry years, low rainfall can reduce production levels where irrigation is not installed.
- Reduced availability of labour
Outline the style of wines produced with carbonic maceration in the Languedoc.
Fruity wines with medium to deep colour and low tannins, particularly with tannic varieties such as Carignan, Grenache and Syrah.
Give an example of a high quality and ageable wine made with carbonic maceration in the Languedoc?
Château La Voulte Gasparet with Grenache, Carignan, Mouvédre and Syrah.
How much of Languedoc’s total production do IGP wines account for?
Nearly 70%
What are the key regulations for Languedoc IGP wines?
- Max. yields of 90hL/ha for reds and whites, 100hL/ha for rosé.
- A total of 58 varieties may be used.
What is the biggest IGP (in terms of volume) in France?
Pays d’Oc IGP
How much of France’s total production does the Pays d’Oc IGP account for?
10-15% depending on the vintage
Outline the domestic and export markets of the Pays d’Oc IGP.
Half of the production of IGP Pays d’Oc is sold in France, mostly in supermarkets, but hospitality sales are also significant. The top three export markets are Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium.
What are the max. permitted yields for Languedoc AOC?
- Rouge: 50hL/ha
- Rosé: 54hL/ha
- Blanc: 60hL/ha
- With GI: 42-50hL-ha
What are the principal black grape varieties for Languedoc AOC?
Syrah, Mourvèdre, Grenache Noir, and/or Lledoner Pelut (a mutation of Grenache Noir).
What are the assemblage requirements for Languedoc AOC rouge?
- Min 2 grapes, with a max. 80% of any single variety.
- Min. 40% combined principal varieties (Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, Lladoner Pelut)
What are the principal white grape varieties of Languedoc AOC?
Piquepoul Blanc, Bourboulenc, Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne, Tourbat, and Vermentino
Corbières AOC
Location?
Area under vine?
- Western Languedoc, south-west of Narbonne
- Over 10,000ha under vine.
What are the two key mountain ranges of Corbières AOC?
Tauch and D’Alaric
What are the cooling influences of Corbières AOC?
Altitude (up to 450m) provided by the Tauch and D’Alaric mountain ranges, and cool northern winds.
How much do red wines account for in Corbières AOC total production?
90% by volume
What are the assemblage requirements for Corbières AOC rouge?
Min. 2 varieties (including at least one principal variety), and no single variety may exceed 80% of the blend. Min. 40% principal varieties.
Principal varieties: Grenache, Lladoner Pelut, Mourvèdre, and Syrah; plus Carignan
What is the max. permitted yield for Corbières AOC?
50hL/ha
What are the soils of Corbières AOC?
Limestone alternates with schist, clays, marls and sandstone.
Outline the domestic and export markets for Corbières AOC.
The wines of Corbières AOC are predominantly sold in France (70 per cent) and through supermarkets; 30 per cent by volume produced is exported, with China, Germany and Belgium being the leading export markets.
What are the principal white grape varieties of Corbières AOC?
Bourboulenc, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Macabeu, Roussanne, and Vermentino
Boutenac AOC
Location?
Assemblage requirements?
- Northern Corbières, Languedoc
- Min. 70% combined Grenache, Mourvèdre, and Carignan. No variety may exceed 80% of the blend.
Name three producers of Corbières AOC.
- Maxime Magnon
- Château d’Aussières
- Château Ollieux Romanis
Where is Minervois AOC located?
Western Languedoc, to the north of Corbières
Name two producers of Minervois AOC?
Clos Centeilles
Domaines Borie de Maurel
What styles of wines are made in Minervois AOC?
- Red and Rosé wines from Grenache Noir, Mouvédre, Syrah and (less commonly Lledoner Pelut).
- Whites from Bourboulenc, Grenache Blanc, Macabeu, Marsanne, Roussanne, and Vermentino
Where is La Livinière AOC located?
Within Minervois AOC, western Languedoc
When did La Livinière AOC receive its own appellation?
1999
What styles of wine are made under the La Livinière AOC?
Red wine only
What are the assemblage requirements for La Livinière AOC?
At least 2 varieties must be present in the blend. Principal varieties compose at least 40% of the blend. Grenache, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Cinsault and Carignan together compose at least 80% of the blend.
Outline the sub-climate and soils of La Livinière AOC.
Limestone terrace of gentle slopes at up to 400 m of altitude, giving very good drainage, exposure to the sun and some cooling influences from altitude.
How do the wines of La Livinière AOC differ from those of Minervois AOC?
The cooler temperatures can lead to higher acidity levels in these wines than those from the lower, warmer parts of Minervois AOC.
Where is Saint-Chinian AOC located?
Between Minervois and Faugères in western Languedoc
What are the two sub-zones of Saint-Chinian AOC?
Berlou, Roquebrun
What are the different soil types of Saint-Chinian AOC?
- Fast draining schist soils in the north, leading to lower yields and wines with higher concentration - this area includes Berlou and Roquebrun.
- Water retaining clay, limestone soils in the south.
Berlou and Roquebrun are the two sub-zones of which AOC?
Saint-Chinian AOC
West Languedoc.
Which IGP is Grange des Peres labelled as?
Pays de l’Hérault IGP
What is the river flowering through Saint Chinian AOC?
The Orb
Name three producers from Saint Chinian
- Chateau La Dournie
- Thierry Navarre
- Clos Bagatelle
What are the two sectors of Fitou AOC?
Fitou Maritime and Fitou Montagneux
There is a part of Corbières AOC between the two sectors
What was the first AOC established in Languedoc? In what year?
Fitou
1948
Outline the growing conditions of Fitou Maritime.
The coastal area of Fitou is relatively flat, low-lying plains, with clay and limestone soils that have good water retention, resulting in wines with less concentration.