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France - General > France General History and Terms > Flashcards

France General History and Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

How many main wine areas are there?

A

13 areas.
Clockwise from Champagne: Champagne, Alsace, Jura, Burgundy, Savoie, Rhone, Provence, Corsica, Languedoc, Roussillon, Southwest, Bordeaux, Loire

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2
Q

What is the region with the largest area of vineyards?

A

Bordeaux with over 117,000 hectares

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3
Q

How many varieties of grapes are grown in France?

A

204 varieties of grapes are grown in France

90% of wine is based on 36 grapes

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4
Q

What is the general history of monks in France?

A

Cistercian and Benedictine monks have been documenting vineyards since the 11th century. They created ‘clos’ and developed the system of premier and grand cru vineyards that still stand today

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5
Q

What is the history of phylloxera in France

A

In the 1800s, phylloxera was accidentally brought over to France via ship on N. American vine cuttings. It devasted most of France and Europe until it was found that grafting of European vitis vinifera species onto American rootstock could prevent vines from being eaten by the louse.

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6
Q

What is an early example of established wine laws in France?

A

In 1923 Baron Le Roy and others in CDP created a set of rules in their region for production

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7
Q

What did Baron Le Roy’s efforts influence?

A

The establishment of the AOC rules.

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8
Q

How did the establishment of the AOC rules protect consumers?

A

By guaranteeing product integrity

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9
Q

How many grape varieties are grown in France?

A

204 varieties of grapes are grown in France
90% of wine is based on 36 grapes

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10
Q

How much land is dedicated to grape growing in France?

A 
2M acres (809k ha) of grapes
France produces more wine than any other country
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11
Q

What are the climatic regions of France?

A

North (continental): champagne, burgundy.
South (Mediterranean): Rhone, Provence
Atlantic (maritime): Bordeaux, loire

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12
Q

What wine style do the French consume the most?

A

57% red
27% rose
16% white

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13
Q

What does “AOC” stand for?

A

Appellation d’Origine Controlee

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14
Q

When was AOC started?

A

Started in 1935. AOCs are administered by the Institut National des Appellations de l’Origine et de la Qualite (INAO).

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15
Q

Why was the AOC created?

A

It was a response to widespread fraud. Winemakers were passing off inferior wines as higher quality.
AOC was created to ensure authenticity of place and typicity of style

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16
Q

What does AOC do for wine?

A

Restricting the use of a geographical name to wines made in a precisely specified area.

Also says what grapes may be grown, the max crop per hectare (yield), min grape ripeness, how the vines are grown/trained, and somewhat how the wine itself is made.

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17
Q

Why was wine fraud in the 1800s so common place?

A

Wine shortages due to phylloxera created the fraudulent market

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18
Q

What does “AOP” stand for?

A

Appellation d’Origine Protegee

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19
Q

What is the AOP?

A

An EU system of classification and standards, similar to France’s AOC.

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20
Q

When did AOP become the main standard in France?

A

2009

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21
Q

What are the two quality categories in AOP?

A

Wines with geographic indication (AOC & IGP/Vin de Pays)
Wines without geographic indication (Vin de France)

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22
Q

Are wines required to use AOP on their bottles?

A

No, many still only use AOC but may use both or just AOP if they prefer

23
Q

What does “IGP” stand for?

A

Indication Geographique Protegee

24
Q

What are IGP wines?

A

Formerly known as Vins de Pays. France’s second biggest wine category behind AOC. Often from areas larger than AOC zones in which non-traditional varieties and higher yields are allowed

25
Q

What is the lowest level of wine classification in France?

A

Vin de France, also known as “Vin” and formerly Vin de Table

26
Q

What are the requirements for “Vin de France” under AOP/AOC rules?

A
  • least restrictive designation
  • high yields permitted
  • no specific place or origin allowed on label
  • variety/vintage is allowed on label
  • oak chips allowed
27
Q

What are the requirements for “IGP/Vin de Pays” under AOP/AOC rules?

A
  • 74 delimited regions
  • Divided into regional areas, departmental areas, zones
  • Fewer restrictions than AOC/AOP
  • Hybrids allowed
  • Can be varietally labeled
  • 85% of fruit must originate from stated region
28
Q

What are the requirements for “AOC/AOP” under AOP/AOC rules?

A
  • The highest designation for French wines
  • Boundaries precisely defined and regulated, can be a larger regional area, a small village, or a specific vineyard. Often broken up by soil composition
  • Grape or grape varieties planted are strictly regulated
  • Viticultural practices are regulated (what is planted and where, yields, type of vine training, irrigation allowed, minimum or max alcohol allowed)
  • Vinification practices regulated (aging requirements, residual sugar allowed, 100% of grapes must come from stated AOP)
29
Q

What percent of all French wine is Vin de France?

A

20%

30
Q

What percent of all French wine is Vin de Pays/IGP?

A

30%

31
Q

What percent of all French wine is AOC/AOP?

A

50%

32
Q

What is a “cave?”

A

A cooperative winery

33
Q

What is a “Chateau?”

A

wine estate or farm, typically in Bordeaux

34
Q

What are “coteaux” or “cotes?”

A

Translates to “slope” or “hillside.” Cote d’Or is an example (Golden Slope) in Burgundy

35
Q

What does “cru” mean?

A

literally “growth”
A specified superior plot of land

36
Q

What does “cru classe” mean?

A

Cru that has been distinguished by an important classification such as the 1855 in Bordeaux

37
Q

What does “domaine” mean?

A

Vineyard holding
Burgundy’s generally smaller-scale answer to “chateau”

38
Q

What does “Grand Cru” mean?

A

“Great growth”
in Burgundy, the finest vineyards; in St. Emilion, nothing special

39
Q

What does “Method classique/traditionnelle” mean?

A

Sparkling wine made using the same method as champagne

40
Q

What does “millesime” mean?

A

vintage year

41
Q

What does “Mis (en bouteille)” mean?

A

estate-bottled wine made by the same enterprise which grew the grapes

42
Q

What is a “Negociant?”

A

An enterprise that buys in wine, juice, or grapes and bottles it under their own label

43
Q

What is a “Premier Cru?”

A

“first growth”
In Burgundy a notch down from Grand Cru

In the Medoc, one of the top 4 chateaux

44
Q

What is a “Proprietaire-recoltant?”

A

owner-vine-grower

45
Q

What is a “Recoltant?”

A

vine-grower

46
Q

What is “recolte?”

A

French word for harvest or vintage

47
Q

Define “rouge”

A

Red

48
Q

Define “rose”

A

Pink

49
Q

What does “superieur” mean in French wine?

A

Usually just slightly higher in alcohol

50
Q

What is “Vieilles Vignes?”

A

Old vines
In theory, it’s denser wine though the “old” is unregulated

51
Q

What is a “Vigneron?”

A

vine-grower

52
Q

What does “Villages” mean in French wine?

A

Suffix denoting selected communes or parishes in an appellation

53
Q

Define “vin”

A

Wine

54
Q

Define “viticulteur”

A

vine-grower

France - General (1 decks)

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