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France - CMS Intro Somm Flashcards

1
Q

What system was created by the Institut national de l’origine et de la qualité (INAO) in 1935?

A

Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC)

The AOC system was established to combat wine fraud and ensure quality in the French wine industry.

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2
Q

What prompted the creation of the AOC system?

A

Widespread fraud in the wine industry due to chronic wine shortages

Shortages were caused by vine disease and the phylloxera epidemic.

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3
Q

What is the primary purpose of the INAO?

A

To restore confidence in the wine industry and protect quality and authenticity

INAO is a government-based organization.

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4
Q

What legislation was enacted in 1905?

A

Legislation to prevent the misrepresentation of products

This legislation contributed to the establishment of the AOC system.

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5
Q

Who banded together in 1923 to create rules for viticulture in Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Baron Le Roy and other producers

Their rules helped lay the framework for the broader Appellation Contrôleé system.

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6
Q

What was one of the original intents of the rules created in Châteauneuf-du-Pape?

A

To protect producers from dishonest competition

These rules evolved into consumer protection laws guaranteeing product integrity.

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7
Q

What does the AOC system designate?

A

The places where the best French wines are made

It also defines how these wines should be produced.

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8
Q

What is implied in the name of a wine’s appellation?

A

The grape variety planted in that specific region

Understanding the grapes behind place names is key to wine knowledge.

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9
Q

What is the EU wine-quality designation introduced in 2009?

A

Appellation d’Origine Protégée (AOP)

AOP aims to raise quality and achieve uniform standards across EU member countries.

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10
Q

What are the two quality categories created under the AOP?

A
  • Wines with geographic indication
  • Wines without geographic indication

These categories help classify wines based on their origin.

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11
Q

What traditional wine label quality terminology is still in use today?

A

AOC in France and DOCG in Italy

Many EU regions use their traditional terminology alongside the new AOP.

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12
Q

What is Vin de France?

A

Vin de France is a designation for French wine that represents 20% of all French wine.

It is the least restrictive designation.

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13
Q

What are the yield restrictions for Vin de France?

A

High yields are permitted for Vin de France.

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14
Q

Is a specific place of origin allowed on the label for Vin de France?

A

No specific place of origin is allowed on the label for Vin de France.

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15
Q

What labeling information is allowed for Vin de France?

A

Variety and vintage are allowed on the label for Vin de France.

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16
Q

Are oak chips allowed in Vin de France production?

A

Yes, oak chips are allowed in the production of Vin de France.

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17
Q

What percentage of all French wine is IGP/Vin de Pays?

A

30%

IGP stands for Indication Géographique Protégée, which allows for a wider variety of wine styles.

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18
Q

How many delimited regions are there for IGP/Vin de Pays?

A

74 delimited regions

These regions are designed to enhance the identity of the wines produced.

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19
Q

Name the two types of areas IGP/Vin de Pays is divided into.

A
  • Regional areas
  • Departmental areas – Zones

This division helps in categorizing the wines based on their geographic origin.

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20
Q

What is a key characteristic of IGP/Vin de Pays compared to AOC/AOP?

A

Fewer restrictions

This allows for more flexibility in production and labeling.

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21
Q

Are hybrids allowed in IGP/Vin de Pays?

A

Yes

Hybrids can contribute to diverse wine profiles.

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22
Q

What is the minimum percentage of fruit that must originate from the stated geographic region in IGP/Vin de Pays?

A

85%

This ensures a strong connection between the wine and its geographic origin.

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23
Q

What percentage of all French wine is AOC/AOP?

A

50%

AOC stands for Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée, indicating a higher quality standard.

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24
Q

What is the highest designation for French wines?

A

AOC/AOP

This designation is known for its strict regulations.

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25
Q

What are the boundaries of AOC/AOP wines based on?

A

Soil composition

The specific characteristics of the soil contribute to the wine’s quality.

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26
Q

What practices are regulated under AOC/AOP?

A
  • Grape or grape varieties planted
  • Viticultural practices
  • Yield per hectare
  • Type of vine training used
  • Irrigation, if permitted at all
  • Degree of alcohol minimum and maximum

These regulations ensure that the wines meet high quality standards.

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27
Q

What winemaking techniques are regulated under AOC/AOP?

A
  • Aging requirements
  • Residual sugar allowance

These factors influence the final taste and quality of the wine.

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28
Q

What is the requirement for grapes in AOC/AOP wines?

A

100% of grapes must come from stated AOC/AOP

This ensures the authenticity and quality of the wine.

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29
Q

What is Burgundy often considered in the context of wine regions?

A

One of the world’s most difficult wine regions to understand

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30
Q

Which two grape varieties are most wines in Burgundy made from?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

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31
Q

What historical institutions primarily owned much of the vineyard land in Burgundy during the Middle Ages?

A

The Catholic Church’s Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries

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32
Q

What did Cistercian monks from the abbey of Cîteaux do in the 11th century?

A

Studied the vineyards, identifying superior parcels that produced wines of distinct character

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33
Q

What did the vineyard plots identified by Cistercian monks eventually become?

A

Many of Burgundy’s most prestigious appellations

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34
Q

How are Burgundy’s vineyards named and classified?

A

By their terroir

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35
Q

What major event led to the redistribution of Burgundy’s vineyards away from the church and aristocracy?

A

The French Revolution

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36
Q

What was the impact of the Napoléonic Code of Inheritance instituted in 1804?

A

Estates were divided equally among male heirs, leading to fragmentation of vineyards

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37
Q

What is Clos Vougeot?

A

A single, walled 125-acre vineyard once managed by Cistercian monks

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38
Q

How many different plots does Clos Vougeot have today?

A

Nearly 80 different plots with different owners

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39
Q

What does the AOP law allow for the different owners of Clos Vougeot?

A

All owners can use the Grand Cru Clos de Vougeot designation on their labels

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40
Q

True or False: The quality and reputation of wines from Clos Vougeot are uniform among all owners.

A

False

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41
Q

Fill in the blank: Burgundy’s vineyards are classified by their _______.

A

[terroir]

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42
Q

Where is Burgundy located?

A

Eastern/Central France near the border with Switzerland

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43
Q

What are the five sections of Burgundy listed from north to south?

A
  • Chablis
  • Côte d’Or
  • Côte de Nuits
  • Côte de Beaune
  • Côte Chalonnaise
  • Mâconnais
  • Beaujolais
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44
Q

What type of climate does Burgundy have?

A

Continental

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45
Q

What is the topography of Burgundy characterized by?

A
  • Rolling hills
  • Côte d’Or slope
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46
Q

Where are the best vineyards located in Burgundy?

A

On hillsides facing east/southeast

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47
Q

What are the main soil types found in Burgundy?

A

Chalk, calcareous clay, marl, and limestone

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48
Q

What soil type is primarily found in Beaujolais?

A

Granite

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49
Q

What is the main white grape variety in Burgundy?

A

Chardonnay

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50
Q

Which white grape variety is found in small plots in Burgundy?

A

Aligoté

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51
Q

What is the main red grape variety in Burgundy?

A

Pinot Noir

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52
Q

Which red grape variety is primarily grown in Beaujolais?

A

Gamay

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53
Q

What is the basis of Burgundy’s Appellation System?

A

Specific vineyard sites and their location

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54
Q

In the Burgundy AOP Pyramid, what happens as the area gets smaller?

A

Quantity decreases and, in theory, quality increases

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55
Q

What percentage of total production do Grands Crus represent in Burgundy?

A

2% (33)

Grands Crus are the highest classification of Burgundy wines.

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56
Q

What is the percentage of Premiers Crus in Burgundy’s total production?

A

12% (550-600)

Premiers Crus are the second highest classification in Burgundy wines.

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57
Q

What percentage of Burgundy’s total wine production is made up of Village Wines?

A

30%

Village Wines are wines produced from grapes grown in specific villages.

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58
Q

What percentage of Burgundy’s wine production consists of Regional Appellations?

A

56%

Regional Appellations are the broadest classification of Burgundy wines.

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59
Q

What is a Domaine in the context of Burgundy wine?

A

Grower/producers that own the vineyards they are producing wine from.

The entire process from growing the grapes to aging and bottling the wine is done by the Domaine itself.

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60
Q

Define Négociants.

A

Wine merchants who buy grapes and/or finished wines for blending and bottling under their own labels.

This word rarely appears on a label.

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61
Q

What does the term ‘Clos’ refer to?

A

A plot of vineyard land traditionally surrounded with dry-stone walls.

Clos Vougeot is a famous example.

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62
Q

What is a Monopole in Burgundy wine terminology?

A

Parcels of vineyard land with single ownership.

They are less common than multiple ownerships in Burgundy vineyards.

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63
Q

What is the significance of a Village Wine in the context of Burgundy?

A

One hundred percent of the grapes are grown in and around the named village.

Many villages append the name of their most famous vineyard to gain attention.

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64
Q

What distinguishes a Single Vineyard Premier Cru (1er Cru) or Grand Cru wine in the context of Burgundy?

A

One hundred percent of the grapes come from a specific vineyard, one of the very best vineyard sites in the case of a Grand Cru.

The label will only have the name of the vineyard in the case of a Grand Cru.

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65
Q

True or False: The village name appears on the label of a Grand Cru wine.

A

False

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66
Q

Where is Chablis located?

A

80 miles north of the Côte d’Or and closer to Champagne than to the rest of Burgundy

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67
Q

What is the climate of Chablis?

A

Cool continental

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68
Q

What type of soil is found in Chablis?

A

Kimmeridgian clay/limestone

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69
Q

What grape variety is used in Chablis?

A

100% Chardonnay

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70
Q

Why is picking time critical in Chablis?

A

Because of late season frosts

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71
Q

Is oak used in lower-tier wines of Chablis?

A

No, but it is often used with upper-tier wines

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72
Q

What is common in the vinification of Chablis wines?

A

Malolactic fermentation is common

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73
Q

Name the AOPs of Chablis

A
  • Chablis AOP
  • Petit Chablis AOP
  • Chablis Premier Cru AOP
  • Chablis Grand Cru AOP
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74
Q

How many vineyards are designated as Premier Cru in Chablis?

A

40 vineyards

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75
Q

How many vineyard designations are there for Chablis Grand Cru?

A

7 vineyard designations

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76
Q

What is notable about the topography of a Chablis Grand Cru AOP designation?

A

Most have a south/southwest exposure to maximize sunshine

Les Clos is a top example

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77
Q

What is the primary aspect of terroir in Côte d’Or?

A

The location of the vineyard on the slopes

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78
Q

What is notable about the topography/aspect of the Côte de Nuits?

A
  • Hillsides and ridges
  • Top vineyard sites are often in the middle of the hillside
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79
Q

What is the climate of the Côte de Nuits?

A

Continental

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80
Q

What is the primary grape variety in Côte de Nuits?

A

Pinot Noir

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81
Q

What type of soil is found in Côte de Nuits?

A

Marl and limestone

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82
Q

What are the threats to viticulture in Côte de Nuits?

A
  • Frost
  • Summer hail
  • Excessive rain in the fall
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83
Q

What are the vinification practices in Côte de Nuits?

A
  • Use of French oak, often new
  • Some producers ferment with whole grape clusters, others completely de-stem
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84
Q

What is the main difference between Bourgogne AOP and Bourgogne Cote d’Or AOP?

A

Bourgogne AOP is for Pinot Noir or Chardonnay from anywhere in the entire Burgundy region and Bourgogne Cote d’Or AOP is a sub-appellation for Pinot Noir or Chardonnay grown more specifically in Côte de Nuits and Côte de Beaune

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85
Q

What is the Côte de Nuits-Villages AOP?

A

A general appellation for wines from five small areas in the Côte de Nuits

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86
Q

What grape is grown in the Côte de Nuits-Villages AOP?

A

Red wine (Pinot Noir) only appellation

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87
Q

What are the nine villages in Côte de Nuits?

A
  • Marsannay
  • Fixin
  • Gevrey-Chambertin
  • Morey-St. Denis
  • Chambolle-Musigny
  • Vougeot
  • Vosne-Romanée
  • Flagey-Echézeaux
  • Nuits-Saint-Georges
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88
Q

What is a Premier or 1er Cru AOP in the context of Côte de Nuits?

A
  • 100% of the grapes are grown in a specific, individually named premier cru vineyard
  • If no vineyard name is on the label, the wine can be a blend of grapes from any of the premier cru vineyards in that village
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89
Q

How many Premier Cru (1er Cru) vineyards are in the Côte de Nuits?

A

More than 130

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90
Q

How many grands crus vineyards are in Côte de Nuits?

A

24 of the 33 grands crus vineyards

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91
Q

List five examples of grands crus vineyards in Côte de Nuits.

A
  • Chambertin
  • Bonnes-Mares
  • Musigny
  • La Tâche
  • La Romanée
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92
Q

What are the top recent red vintages in the Côte de Nuits?

A
  • 2005
  • 2009
  • 2010
  • 2014
  • 2015
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93
Q

What are the top recent white vintages in the Côte de Nuits?

A
  • 2006
  • 2007
  • 2008
  • 2011
  • 2012
  • 2013
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94
Q

What is the climate of Côte de Beaune?

A

Continental, with a wide range of microclimates

Microclimates range from village to village and even vineyard to vineyard

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95
Q

What is the soil of the Côte de Beaune?

A

Marl and limestone

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96
Q

What grape varieties are found in Côte de Beaune?

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Noir
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97
Q

What is the vinification practice in Côte de Beaune?

A

Oak, often new, is used for both reds and whites

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98
Q

What are some well-known villages in Côte de Beaune?

A
  • Aloxe-Corton
  • Beaune
  • Pommard
  • Volnay
  • Meursault
  • Puligny-Montrachet
  • Chassagne-Montrachet
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99
Q

How many Premier Crus (1er Crus) vineyards are there in the Côte de Beaune?

A

Hundreds

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100
Q

How many of Burgundy’s Grand Cru vineyard sites are in the Côte de Beaune?

A

8

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101
Q

What are four examples of Grands Crus vineyards in the Côte de Beaune?

A
  • Corton
  • Corton-Charlemagne
  • Montrachet
  • Bâtard-Montrachet
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102
Q

What are the top recent red vintages of Côte de Beaune?

A
  • 2005
  • 2009
  • 2010
  • 2014
  • 2015
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103
Q

What are the top recent white vintages of Côte de Beaune?

A
  • 2006
  • 2007
  • 2008
  • 2011
  • 2012
  • 2013
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104
Q

What is the Côte d’Or?

A

A 30-mile-long escarpment in France that runs north to south from Dijon to Santenay.

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105
Q

What are the two sections of the Côte d’Or?

A
  • Côte de Nuits (north)
  • Côte de Beaune (south)
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106
Q

What does the French word ‘côte’ mean?

A

Hillside or slope.

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107
Q

How do the villages and vineyards of the Côte d’Or relate to the geography?

A

They hug the hillsides.

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108
Q

What is one primary aspect of terroir in the Côte d’Or region?

A

The location of the vineyard on the slopes.

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109
Q

What factors vary in the Côte d’Or affecting vineyard quality?

A

Soil compositions and microclimates.

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110
Q

Fill in the blank: The Côte d’Or is an _______ that contains a narrow ridge of limestone.

A

[escarpment]

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111
Q

True or False: The Côte d’Or is located entirely in the northern region of France.

A

False.

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112
Q

Where is Côte Chalonnaise located?

A

Directly south of the Côte d’Or

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113
Q

What geographical feature is absent in Côte Chalonnaise that affects its vineyards?

A

No hillside escarpments to protect the vineyards from east winds

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114
Q

What type of climate does Côte Chalonnaise have?

A

Continental

115
Q

What is the primary soil type found in Côte Chalonnaise?

116
Q

What white grape varieties are grown in Côte Chalonnaise?

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Aligoté (in small volume)
117
Q

What red grape variety is commonly found in Côte Chalonnaise?

A

Pinot Noir

118
Q

What vinification practice is noted for wines from Côte Chalonnaise?

A

Little to no new oak used for whites and reds

119
Q

What are the five main villages in the Chalonnaise?

A

Montagny, Bouzeron, Rully, Givry, Mercurey

Each village has its own AOP.

120
Q

What type of wine is produced in Montagny AOP, Burgundy?

A

White wine only — Chardonnay

121
Q

What type of wine is produced in Bouzeron AOP?

A

White wine only — 100% Aligoté

Bouzeron is unique for its focus on Aligoté.

122
Q

What types of wines are produced in Rully AOP?

A

White wines — Chardonnay, Red wine — Pinot Noir, Sparkling wines — Crémant de Bourgogne

Rully offers a variety of wine types.

123
Q

What types of wines are produced in Givry AOP, Burgundy?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

124
Q

What types of wines are produced in Mercurey AOP, Burgundy?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

125
Q

What is a characteristic of wines from the Chalonnaise compared to those from the Côte d’Or?

A

Generally less expensive and often offer great value

Chalonnaise wines are known for their affordability.

126
Q

Fill in the blank: Montagny AOP produces _______ only.

A

White wine only — Chardonnay

127
Q

True or False: There are grands crus in the Chalonnaise.

A

False

The Chalonnaise has no grands crus, only premiers crus.

128
Q

What is the climate of Mâconnais?

A

Continental, but slightly warmer and drier than the more northern Burgundy regions

The climate influences grape growing and wine characteristics.

129
Q

Describe the topography of Mâconnais.

A

Relatively large area with low-lying hills and fairly flat farmland

This topography affects vineyard placement and grape growing conditions.

130
Q

What are the main white grape varieties in Mâconnais?

A

Chardonnay

Chardonnay is the predominant white grape variety in the region.

131
Q

What are the main red grape varieties in Mâconnais?

A

Pinot Noir, Gamay

These varieties are used for red wines produced in the region.

132
Q

What type of wine production is predominant in Mâconnais?

A

Mainly white wine production

133
Q

Is there a significant use of new oak in Mâconnais vinification?

A

Little use of new oak aside from the wines of Pouilly-Fuissé

This detail highlights the vinification style of the region.

134
Q

Fill in the blank: The main white grape variety in Mâconnais is _______.

A

Chardonnay

135
Q

True or False: Mâconnais has a warmer and drier climate compared to southern Burgundy regions.

A

False

Mâconnais is warmer and drier than more northern Burgundy regions, not southern.

136
Q

What is the primary type of wine produced in Mâcon AOP?

A

Mainly white wines only — Chardonnay

Mâcon AOP is known for its focus on Chardonnay.

137
Q

What type of wine is produced in Saint-Véran AOP?

A

White wine only — Chardonnay

Saint-Véran AOP may also involve the use of new oak.

138
Q

What are the characteristics of the wines of Pouilly-Fuissé AOP?

A

White wine only — Chardonnay, some use of new oak, generally more expensive than other wines of the region

Pouilly-Fuissé AOP is known for higher pricing compared to other regional wines.

139
Q

True or False: There are grands or premiers crus vineyards in the Mâconnais.

A

False

The Mâconnais does not have grands or premiers crus vineyards.

140
Q

List the AOPs mentioned for the Mâconnais.

A
  • Mâcon AOP
  • Saint-Véran AOP
  • Pouilly-Fuissé AOP

These AOPs are specific to the Mâconnais region.

141
Q

What is the geographical location of Beaujolais?

A

South of, and slightly overlapping, the Mâconnais; 35 miles long from north to south

142
Q

What type of climate does Beaujolais have?

A

Continental; but warmer than the rest of Burgundy

143
Q

What types of soils are found in northern Beaujolais Cru villages?

A

Schist and granite

144
Q

What types of soils are found in southern Beaujolais?

A

Sandstone and clay

145
Q

What is the primary white grape variety grown in Beaujolais?

A

Chardonnay (in small volume)

146
Q

What is the primary red grape variety grown in Beaujolais?

147
Q

What is the typical viticulture practice in northern Beaujolais Crus?

A

Hillside vineyards with low yields

148
Q

What is the typical viticulture practice in southern Beaujolais?

A

Flatter plains

149
Q

What vinification method is commonly used in Beaujolais?

A

Carbonic maceration

150
Q

What types of fermentation vessels are used in Beaujolais vinification?

A

Stainless steel and used or older French oak barrels

151
Q

What is Beaujolais AOP?

A

Made from grapes grown anywhere in the region (a small proportion is white)

AOP stands for Appellation d’Origine Protégée, indicating the origin and quality of the wine.

152
Q

When is Beaujolais Nouveau released?

A

On the third Thursday in November following the harvest. They should be drunk soon afterwards.

Beaujolais Nouveau is known for being an easy-drinking red wine.

153
Q

How many designated villages are in Beaujolais-Villages AOP?

A

38 designated villages.

The wines do not have individual village names on the labels and are simply designated as villages.

154
Q

What are Beaujolais Crus?

A

The region’s best wines

These are red wines only made from the Gamay grape.

155
Q

How many named villages are there in Beaujolais Crus?

A

Ten named villages, each with its own AOP.

These villages produce some of the finest wines in the Beaujolais region.

156
Q

What type of grape is used for Beaujolais Crus?

A

Gamay grape.

The Gamay grape is known for its fruity and floral characteristics.

157
Q

What type of vineyards are found in Beaujolais Crus?

A

Hillside vineyards.

The hillside locations contribute to the unique terroir of the wines.

158
Q

What type of soil is characteristic of Beaujolais Crus?

A

Granite soil.

Granite soil is known to produce wines with distinct mineral characteristics.

159
Q

Give an example of a Beaujolais Cru Village.

A

Morgon AOP.

Morgon AOP is one of the most well-known Crus in the Beaujolais region.

160
Q

When does evidence of wine production in the greater Bordeaux region date back to?

A

4th century AD

161
Q

Which foreign market became the most important for Bordeaux wine in the Middle Ages?

162
Q

What did Dutch merchants create in the mid-1600s to expand trade in Bordeaux?

A

A complex series of channels that drained marshes

163
Q

What was the impact of the new vineyards created by Dutch merchants in Bordeaux?

A

Wines from these vineyards were shipped worldwide and became famous

164
Q

What are the two main factors linked to the commercial success and international renown of Bordeaux wine?

A
  • The region’s importance as a center of trade
  • Easy access to the Atlantic Ocean
165
Q

True or False: The wine trade in Bordeaux boomed during the Middle Ages.

166
Q

Bordeaux

Fill in the blank: In the mid-1600s in Bordeaux, Dutch merchants drained _______ to create more land suitable for viticulture.

167
Q

Where is Bordeaux located?

A

Southwestern France, inland from the Atlantic Ocean

168
Q

What type of climate does Bordeaux have?

169
Q

Which parallel is Bordeaux located on?

A

45th parallel

170
Q

What moderates the climate of Bordeaux?

A

Its waterways and its proximity to the Atlantic coast

171
Q

What current brings warm waters to Bordeaux?

A

Gulf Stream current, from the Caribbean

172
Q

What helps keep the weather in Bordeaux mild yet humid?

A

The Gulf Stream current

173
Q

What weather conditions can the region of Bordeaux suffer from?

A

Rain and frost

174
Q

What protects the Bordeaux region from harsh storms and winds from the Atlantic?

A

A large pine forest along the coast to the west

This natural barrier helps mitigate the impact of severe weather.

175
Q

Which two rivers meet north of Bordeaux to form the Gironde Estuary?

A

Garonne and Dordogne

The estuary flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

176
Q

What are the three sections into which the area around Bordeaux is divided?

A
  • Left Bank West of Garonne and Gironde
  • Right Bank East and north of the Dordogne and Gironde
  • Entre-Deux-Mers Between the Garonne and Dordogne

The bodies of water are what divide this area into three sections.

177
Q

What is key to the soil types in Bordeaux regions?

A

Water drainage

Each of the regions of Bordeaux is known for a specific soil type that is matched with the grape variety that grows best there.

178
Q

What type of soil is found in Médoc and Graves on the Left Bank of Bordeaux?

179
Q

What soil types are present in Saint-Émilion on the Right Bank of Bordeaux?

A

Gravel, limestone, sand

180
Q

What type of soil is found in Pomerol on the Right Bank of Bordeaux?

A

Iron pan under sand and clay

181
Q

What are the white grape varieties from Bordeaux?

A
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Sémillon
  • Muscadelle (small quantities)
182
Q

What is the most widely planted red grape variety in Bordeaux?

183
Q

List the red grape varieties found in Bordeaux.

A
  • Merlot (most widely planted)
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Cabernet Franc
  • Petit Verdot (small quantities)
  • Malbec (rarely seen)
  • Carmenère (rarely seen)

Malbec and Carmenère are permitted but not commonly cultivated in modern Bordeaux.

184
Q

What climatic challenges does Bordeaux viticulture face?

A

Rain at harvest and frost

185
Q

Fill in the blank: The grape variety _______ is known as the most widely planted in Bordeaux.

186
Q

Fill in the blank: Bordeaux’s Muscadelle grape variety is typically found in _______ quantities.

187
Q

What is a typical blend composition of Red Wines from Médoc communes?

A

70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 30% Merlot, plus Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot

These wines are usually aged in new French oak barrels.

188
Q

What is a typical blend composition of Red Wines from Saint-Émilion and Pomerol?

A

70% Merlot, 30% Cabernet Franc

These wines spend some time in French oak barrels.

189
Q

What is a typical blend composition of Dry White Wines from Graves?

A

80% Sauvignon Blanc, 20% Sémillon

Most inexpensive white wines from Bordeaux are made without oak.

190
Q

What is a typical blend composition of Sweet Wines from Sauternes?

A

80% Sémillon, 20% Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle (small percentage)

Many sweet wines of Bordeaux are aged in new French oak barrels.

191
Q

What are the biggest weather-related challenges faced by Bordeaux wine producers?

A

Spring frosts and excessive rainfall at harvest

Bordeaux is well protected from some harsher influences of the Atlantic but still experiences inconsistent weather.

192
Q

True or False: Bordeaux wines are typically made from single grape varieties.

A

False

Wines from Bordeaux are usually blends of two or more grape varieties.

193
Q

Fill in the blank: Red Wines from Médoc communes are usually aged in _______.

A

new French oak barrels

194
Q

What is the primary grape variety in the inexpensive white wines from Bordeaux?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

These wines are mainly from Graves (Pessac-Léognan) on the left bank and Entre-Deux-Mers; they are often made without oak aging.

195
Q

What does the term ‘vintage variation’ refer to in Bordeaux winemaking?

A

The differences in weather conditions from year to year affecting wine quality

Different vintages of the same wine can show vastly different characteristics.

196
Q

What is the largest appellation in size and production in Bordeaux?

A

Bordeaux AOP

Bordeaux AOP allows grapes from anywhere in the entire region and includes red and white wines in both sweet and dry styles.

197
Q

What are the types of Bordeaux appellations?

A
  • Regional Appellations
  • Sub-Regional or District Appellations
  • Commune Appellations
198
Q

What are two examples of Sub-Regional or District Appellations in Bordeaux?

A
  • Haut Médoc AOP
  • Entre-Deux-Mers AOP

Sub-Regional or District Appellations may be the highest appellations attainable in a particular locale or they may encompass a number of separate commune appellations.

199
Q

What are the smallest AOPs in each region of Bordeaux known for?

A

Generally the highest quality wines

These are referred to as Commune Appellations.

200
Q

List three examples of Commune Appellations in Bordeaux.

A
  • Pauillac
  • Margaux
  • Pomerol

Other examples include Saint Julien, Saint Estèphe, and St. Émilion.

201
Q

True or False: Bordeaux AOP includes only red wines.

A

False

Bordeaux AOP encompasses both red and white wines in sweet and dry styles.

202
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ appellation in Bordeaux allows grapes from anywhere in the entire region.

A

Bordeaux AOP

This appellation is the largest in terms of size and production.

203
Q

What distinguishes commune appellations from other types of appellations?

A

They are the smallest AOPs with the highest quality wines

Commune appellations focus on specific areas within Bordeaux.

204
Q

How are Bordeaux vineyards typically known?

A

By names of châteaux

205
Q

What is the French word for castles or manor houses?

206
Q

What is a Bordeaux château?

A

An estate under a single ownership

207
Q

Can the size of a Bordeaux château change over time?

A

Yes, with the sale and purchase of vineyards and land

208
Q

What is a prime example of a Bordeaux château that has increased in vineyard land?

A

Château Pétrus in Pomerol

This Château has 50% more vineyard land today than it did 50 years ago.

209
Q

What does a château name represent in Bordeaux?

A

More a brand than a specific vineyard location

210
Q

True or False: Not all Bordeaux châteaux are architecturally grand.

211
Q

Fill in the blank: Bordeaux vineyards are not known by names attached to specific plots of land, as they are in _______.

212
Q

What is a routine practice in Bordeaux for aging wine?

A

Aging wine in 225-liter oak barrels (barriques)

213
Q

What type of barrels are commonly used for aging wine in Bordeaux?

A

225-liter oak barrels (barriques)

214
Q

What is the typical proportion of new barrels used for prestigious wines?

A

Larger proportions of new barrels

This is true whether red or white, dry or sweet

215
Q

What aromas are lent to wines aged in new barrels in Bordeaux?

A
  • Vanilla
  • Toasted cedar
  • Spice
216
Q

What is the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux) known for?

A

Bordeaux’s most renowned red wine area

217
Q

What was the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux) before the mid-17th century?

A

A salt marsh and pine forest

218
Q

Who drained the marshes in the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Dutch engineers

219
Q

What did the drainage of the marshes in the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux) reveal?

A

Beds of gravel

220
Q

What grape variety became associated with the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

221
Q

What impact did Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux) wines have globally?

A

Became the benchmark for wines made with Cabernet Sauvignon worldwide

222
Q

What type of buildings were constructed in the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Majestic mansions, or châteaux

223
Q

What do the châteaux in the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux) represent?

A

The very idea of Bordeaux wine

224
Q

Where is the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux) located?

A

North of the city of Bordeaux along the Gironde Estuary

225
Q

What type of soil is found in the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Gravel, with great moisture draining properties

This soil type is particularly beneficial for growing Cabernet Sauvignon grapes.

226
Q

What grape variety is primarily associated with the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon – based blends

227
Q

What type of wines are produced in the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Red wines only

The region is renowned for its high-quality red wines, mainly utilizing Cabernet Sauvignon.

228
Q

What are the main sub-regions of Médoc AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Médoc AOP and Haut-Médoc AOP

229
Q

Name four communes within the Médoc AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux).

A
  • Saint-Estèphe AOP
  • Pauillac AOP
  • Saint-Julien AOP
  • Margaux AOP
230
Q

True or False: Saint-Estèphe AOP is a commune within the Médoc AOP.

231
Q

What year was the Bordeaux classification commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III?

A

1855

The classification was for the Universal Exposition in Paris

232
Q

How many properties were ranked in the 1855 Bordeaux classification?

A

61 properties

233
Q

What were the five tiers used in the 1855 Bordeaux classification?

A

First growth through fifth growth

234
Q

What criteria was used to rank the properties in the 1855 classification?

A

Historical record of the prices that each property’s wines commanded in the marketplace

The higher the price, the higher the ranking

235
Q

Which communes were excluded from the 1855 Bordeaux classification?

A

Communes in the Right Bank

236
Q

Which property in the Pessac-Léognan commune was included in the classification?

A

Château Haut-Brion

237
Q

Why was Château Haut-Brion included in the 1855 classification?

A

Because the wine grown and made at Château Haut-Brion had long fetched a very high price in the market

238
Q

Is the 1855 Bordeaux classification part of the AOP system?

239
Q

Which château was elevated to first growth status in 1973?

A

Château Mouton-Rothschild

240
Q

List all the First Growth Châteaux of the 1855 classification.

A
  • Château Lafite-Rothschild
  • Château Latour
  • Château Mouton-Rothschild (elevated to first growth status in 1973)
  • Château Margaux
  • Château Haut-Brion
241
Q

What are the top recent red vintages of the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux)

A
  • 2005
  • 2009
  • 2010
  • 2015
242
Q

What are the top recent white vintages of the Médoc (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A
  • 2006
  • 2007
  • 2008
  • 2011
  • 2012
  • 2013
  • 2014
243
Q

Where is Graves AOP located?

A

South of the Médoc and directly south and around of the city of Bordeaux

244
Q

What type of soil is found in Graves AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

245
Q

Name the white grape varieties used in Graves AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux).

A
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Sémillon
246
Q

Name the red grape varieties used in Graves AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux).

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Merlot
  • Cabernet Franc
247
Q

What is the northernmost sub-region of Graves AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Pessac-Léognan AOP

248
Q

What is significant about Pessac-Léognan AOP (Graves AOP, Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

It includes the most highly regarded châteaux

249
Q

What types of wines are vinified in Graves AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A
  • Dry white wines
  • Dry red wines
250
Q

What type of oak is often used in the vinification of Graves AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux) wines?

A

New French oak

251
Q

Where is Sauternes AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux) located?

A

Southernmost portion of Graves

252
Q

What geographical feature borders Sauternes AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

The Garonne and Ciron Rivers

253
Q

What type of wines are produced in Sauternes AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Botrytis-affected sweet wines

254
Q

How are Sauternes AOP (Left Bank, Bordeaux) wines typically aged?

A

Oak aged, often in new French barrique

255
Q

What does Entre-Deux-Mers translate to?

A

Land between two seas

256
Q

What/where is the Entre-Deux-Mers AOP, Bordeaux?

A

A large area between the Garonne and Dordogne rivers

257
Q

What type of soil is found in Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux?

A

Very fertile silt

258
Q

Name three white grape varieties grown in Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux.

A
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Sémillon
  • Muscadelle
259
Q

What type of wines are produced in Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux?

A

Dry white wines only

260
Q

What vinification techniques are used in Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux?

A
  • Little to no oak
  • Stainless steel
261
Q

What appellation do red wines made in Entre-Deux-Mers fall under?

A

Bordeaux AOP appellation

262
Q

What is the primary appellation of Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers AOP

263
Q

Does Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux have a classification system?

264
Q

What is the location Saint-Émilion (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Along the Dordogne River near the town of Libourne

265
Q

What are the main soil types found in Saint-Émilion (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Proportions vary depending on the location, including:
* Large bed of silt, clay, and gravel
* Limestone plateau
* Sand

266
Q

What are the primary grape varieties used in Saint-Émilion (Right Bank, Bordeaux) red wines?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Franc

These are the main grape varieties for red wines in the Saint-Émilion region.

267
Q

What style of wine is allowed in Saint-Émilion AOP (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Red wines only

268
Q

Name the two main appellations in Saint-Émilion (Right Bank, Bordeaux).

A
  • Saint-Émilion AOP
  • Saint-Émilion Grand Cru AOP

Saint-Émilion Grand Cru AOPis an appellation, not a classification.

269
Q

What is a key characteristic of wines labeled as Saint-Émilion Grand Cru AOP?

A

They have an additional 0.5% alcohol and must undergo longer aging than Saint-Émilion AOP wines.

270
Q

When was the classification system for Saint-Émilion instituted?

A

1955

The classification system helps to categorize the quality of wines in the Saint-Émilion region.

271
Q

How often is the classification system for Saint-Émilion revised?

A

Every 10 years

The most recent revision of the classification system occurred in 2012.

272
Q

True or False: Saint-Émilion Grand Cru is a classification.

A

False

It is an appellation, not a classification.

273
Q

What is the classification of Château Ausone?

A

Premiers Grands Crus Classé A

Part of the top tier in the Saint-Émilion Classification 2012.

274
Q

How many châteaux are classified as Premiers Grands Crus Classé A in the Saint-Émilion Classification of 2012?

A

4 named châteaux

The top tier includes Château Ausone, Château Angélus, Château Pavie, and Château Cheval-Blanc.

275
Q

List the châteaux classified as Premiers Grands Crus Classé A in the Saint-Émilion Classification of 2012.

A
  • Château Ausone
  • Château Angélus
  • Château Pavie
  • Château Cheval-Blanc

These are the only châteaux in this top classification.

276
Q

How many châteaux are classified as Premiers Grands Crus Classé B in the Saint Émilion Classification fo 2012?

A

14 named châteaux

This classification is the second tier in the Saint-Émilion classification system.

277
Q

What is the total number of châteaux classified as Grands Crus Classé in the Saint-Émilion Classification of 2012?

A

64 named châteaux

278
Q

Where is Pomerol AOP located (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Along the Dordogne River near the town of Libourne to the northwest of Saint Émilion

279
Q

What is the size of the Pomerol AOP appellation (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Only 3 square miles

A very small appellation

280
Q

What types of soil are found in Pomerol AOP (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A
  • Sand
  • Clay
  • Gravel
  • Subsoil of iron pan and rich clay
281
Q

What grape varieties are primarily used in Pomerol AOP (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Merlot and Cabernet Franc-based blends

282
Q

What type of wines does Pomerol AOP produce (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

A

Red wines only

283
Q

Does Pomerol AOP have a classification system (Right Bank, Bordeaux)?

CMS - Intro Somm (1 decks)

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