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A-Level English Language > Frameworks > Flashcards

Frameworks Flashcards

1
Q

Phonology

A

The study of patterns and systems of sounds in particular languages

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2
Q

Phoneme vs Syllable

A

The smallest unit of sound in a language which combine to form a syllable.

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3
Q

How many phonemes are there in the English language

A

44

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4
Q

Orthography

A

The relationship between the sounds of spoken English and the way that we write

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5
Q

Split diagraph

A

Where two vowels combine to form one sound but are separated by a consonant

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6
Q

Prosody

A

Non-verbal aspects of speech such as tone, intonation and stress which can vary the semantics of an utterance

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7
Q

Elision

A

The way sounds are omitted in speech

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8
Q

Ellison

A

The way that sounds are omitted in speech

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9
Q

Aural imagery

A

Prosody in text; the ability of sound to create representations in people’s minds e.g aliiteration, assonance, sibilance and onomatopoeia

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10
Q

Eye dialect

A

The term used to describe the non-standard spelling and punctuation used by some writers to give the impression of a regional variety of speech

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11
Q

Parallelisms

A

Features that help to create rhythm through the successive repetition of similar phrases or sentence structures

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12
Q

Accent

A

A distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular location

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13
Q

Grammar

A

A whole system and structure of a language usually consisting of syntax and morphology

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14
Q

Noun

A

A naming word used to describe people, places and objects

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15
Q

Proper noun

A

Naming words used for specific things such as people or places

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16
Q

Common noun

A

Nouns used for everyday objects

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17
Q

Abstract noun

A

Nouns used to describe intangible objects

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18
Q

Concrete noun

A

Nouns to describe tangible objects

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19
Q

Collective nouns

A

Nouns used to group objects such as a school of fish

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20
Q

Count (enumerators) and non-count (mass) nouns

A

Enumerators can be counted while mass nouns cannot be counted

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21
Q

Adjectives (comps and supes)

A

They are used to describe objects. They can be used to make comparisons with comparatives (sth is more) and superlatives (sth is most)

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22
Q

Attributive and Predictive adjectives

A

Attributives are pre-modifying while predicatives are post-modifying

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23
Q

Pronouns

A

Words used instead of nouns to avoid repetition

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24
Q

Personal pronouns

A

They replace the subject and object of the sentence

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25
Q

Possessive pronouns

A

They show possession by preceding nouns

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26
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

They indicate that the object of the verb is the same as the subject e.g yourself

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27
Q

Demonstrative pronouns

A

They have a sense of pointing out or highlighting something such as that, those (do not precede a noun)

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28
Q

Indefinite pronouns

A

They are pronouns that do not refer to specific persons or things such as anything or anyone

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29
Q

Relative pronouns

A

They act as linking words in a sentence, referring to other nouns e.g who, whom

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30
Q

Interrogative prnouns

A

They are used to ask questions e.g who, what, how

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31
Q

Conjunctions

A

They join together different parts of a sentence

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32
Q

Coordinating/subordinating conjunctions

A

They connect sentences of equal value/they connect a subordinate clase to a main clause

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33
Q

Prepositions

A

They usually indicate how one thing is related to another or how a noun is related to something else relating to position, direction and tiime.

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34
Q

Determines and the five types

A

They precede nouns and refer to them directly.
Definite articles refer to specific objects e.g the.
Indefinite articles refer to everyday object e.g a, an.
Possessive determiners show possessions e.g their, her
Demonstrative determiners highlight something (they precede noun) e.g that
Quantifiers show quantity and can be general (many, few) or specific (one or two)

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35
Q

Verbs

A

Doing words such as do, jump

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36
Q

Main verbs and the two types

A

Verbs that express the main meaning of a sentence or clause.
They are divided into dynamic and stative verbs. Dynamic verbs are physical actions such as play, jump. Stative vers are mental actions or states such a think. Some verbs can be both

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37
Q

Auxiliary Verbs and the two types

A

Helping verbs that often go before main verbs.
They are divided into primary and modal verbs. Primary verbs are be, have and do (despite the conjugation) and Modal verbs are only ever used with main verbs such as can, could, shall, should.

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38
Q

Modalities of modal verbs

A

Epistemic Modality which expresses possibility such as could or might.
Deontic Modality which expresses obligation sush as will and must

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39
Q

Active vs Passive Voice

A

Active voice is when the object performing an action is emphasized while passive voice is when the action is emphasized

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40
Q

Adverbs

A

They give information about verbs or how verbs are done.

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41
Q

Transitive vs Intransitive verb phrases

A

A verb phrase that has an object vs one that does not

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42
Q

Finite verbs

A

Verbs that can occur alone in a sentence, conjugated or not such as jumps, plays etc

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43
Q

Infinite verbs and the three types

A

Verbs that are used as nouns, adverbs and adjectives as they do not talk about the action being performed. These include; gerunds (-ing words), infinitives and participles (words that look like verbs but act as adjectives eg sleeping dogs, cooked food)

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44
Q

The six types of adverbs

A

Adverb of manner: how an action is done eg quickly
Adverb of place: where an action takes place e.g here
Adverb of time: when an action is done e.g tomorrow
Adverb of duration: how long an actonn takes place e.g forever
Adverb of degree: to what extent an action is done e.g completely
Adverb of frequency: how often an action is done e.g sometimes

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45
Q

Complement

A

A group of words that give more information about the subject

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46
Q

Phrase

A

A group of words which do not contain a main verb

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47
Q

Clause

A

A group of words that do contain a main verb

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48
Q

Noun phrase

A

A phrase with a noun as a headword

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49
Q

Headword

A

The main focus of a phrase or clase that is essential to the core meaning

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50
Q

Verb phrase

A

A phrase with a verb as the headword

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51
Q

Pre-modifier

A

A word that goes before the head noun to either add detail or clarify some aspect of it

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52
Q

Adverbial phrase

A

A phrase with an adverb as the headword

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53
Q

Prepositional phrase

A

A phrase with a preposition as the headword

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54
Q

Infinitive phrase

A

A phrase with an infinitive as the headword

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55
Q

Subject

A

The doer of an action in a sentence

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56
Q

Object

A

The receiver of an action in a sentence

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57
Q

Minor sentence

A

A sentence with three words or less, often missing a main verb or subject

58
Q

Compound sentence

A

A sentence containing two main clauses connected by a coordinating conjuction

59
Q

Complex sentence

A

A sentence containing at least one main clause and one subordinate clause connected by a subordinating clause

60
Q

Four moods of a sentence

A

A declarative makes a statement
An Imperative gives a command
An interrogative asks a question
An exclamative expresses surprise or shock

61
Q

Main clause

A

A clause that can form a complete sentence standing alone

62
Q

Subordinating clause

A

A clause, introduced by a conjunction that forms part of and is dependent on the main clause

63
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the structure of words

64
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit of a word that expresses meaning or served as a grammatical function

65
Q

Root word

A

The base form of a word without affixation

66
Q

Affix

A

Morpheme added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a word. The process is called affixation

67
Q

Free morpheme

A

A Morpheme that can stand alone as a word

68
Q

Bound morpheme

A

A Morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word, usually affixes

69
Q

Inflectional affix

A

Serves a grammatical purpose such as changing the tense e.g jump to jumped

70
Q

Derivational affix

A

Creates a new word e.g thought to thoughtless

71
Q

Shared knowledge

A

The information, beliefs, understandings that are commonly held by a group of individuals

72
Q

Implication or implied meaning or implicature

A

Extra layers of meaning that is being implied without it being said out loud

73
Q

Inference

A

A conclusion reached based on the basis of evidence and reasoning

74
Q

Schema

A

Packing of information gained through experience that help interpreting information quickly

75
Q

What are Grice’s maxims?

A

They describe the rules followed by people in a conversation. They include: quality (whether or not the truth is being told), quantity (whether enough or too much information is being told), relevance (staying relevant to the topic) and manner (being clear, avoiding ambiguity)

76
Q

Breaking Grice’s maxims is referred to as

A

Violating or flouting them, as opposed to adhering to them.
Violating them is done surreptitiously so the others are unaware that a maxim has been broken
Flouting them is more common and more acceptable

77
Q

What is our face and who created the theory of face?

A

Our face is the image that we present to others (Goffman)

78
Q

What is a face-threatening act?

A

Rejecting the face that someone presents to us, e.g accusing them of insincerity or turning back on them

79
Q

Facework

A

Maintaining the status of participants

80
Q

Who developed the Politeness Theory?

A

Brown and Levinson

81
Q

Types of face and types of politeness

A

Positive face; their self-esteem, need to feel liked and appreciated by others. This could include taking people feel comfortable like by referring to each other by their first name
Positive politeness; appeals to the negative face by making them feel good about themselves
Negative face; freedom of speech; desire to protect their personal rights
Negative politeness: appeals to a negative gave by making them feel like they are not being imposed on or taken advantage of

82
Q

Saving face

A

A strategy to avoid humiliation or embarrassment by maintaining dignity and saving someone’s reputation by concealing actions that may be damaging to our self-image

83
Q

Types of face-threatening acts

A

Verbal (using words or language)
Paraverbal (using tone or inflexion)
Non-verbal (facial expressions or body language)
You can have positive or negative face-threatening acts

84
Q

Politeness strategies

A

Bald-on record: does not to reduce a fact-threatening act due to a sense of urgency by getting straight to the point without any additional language to soften the message e.g Watch out!

Positive politeness: reduces threat to listener’s positive face by finding common ground, juxtaposing critism with compliments, telling jokes and using statements of friendship such as names

Negative politeness: avoiding imposition on the listener to avoid feelings of awkwardness and embarrassment bye being indirect and hedging, minimizing the opposition or being apologetic

Off-record: the speakers’ intentions are implied and the listener has to interpret them, relying heavily on pragmatics. Here, the speaker could be seen as kind for not imposing and the listener kind for understanding

85
Q

Who proposed and what is the Politeness principle?

A

Robin Lakoff; governs conversational interaction by not imposing, giving options and making the receiver feel good

86
Q

Graphology

A

The study of the system of symbols which communicates langauge in written form through letters or symbols (including punctuation)

87
Q

Grapheme

A

The smallest unit of written communication which could a better or symbol

88
Q

Ascender vs descender

A

An ascender extends upwards from the base line while a descender extends downwards

89
Q

Leading

A

The amount of vertical space between the lines while typing which can affect whether a text is dense (dense leading) or spaced out (loose leading)

90
Q

Serif vs sans serif font

A

Serif has small strokes on the ends of the letters while sans serif does not

91
Q

Typeface vs typography

A

Typeface (or font) are the visual designs that give characters their distinct style while typography is the art of arranging type to make the text legible and appealing

92
Q

Glyph

A

A different form of a grapheme or a symbol that is used to represent a word

93
Q

Allographs

A

Different representations of the same grapheme

94
Q

Symbolic vs iconic signs

A

Symbolic: the relationship between signifier and signified is purely conventional and culturally specific.
Iconic: signifier resembles signified, although it is often simplified to provide a basic reference for the reader

95
Q

Lexis

A

The vocabulary system of a language

96
Q

Semantics

A

The literal and implied meaning of a word or text

97
Q

Denotation

A

The face value or literal meaning of a word

98
Q

Connotation

A

The extra shades of meaning that are attached to or associated with a word beyond face value and often dependent on context. There can be positive, negative or neutral connotations and they can be subjective.

99
Q

Emotive language/Loaded terms

A

Language with strong connotations which evoke emotions

100
Q

Hyperbole

A

Exaggerated statements or claims

101
Q

Collocations

A

A predictable combination of words

102
Q

Idiom

A

A phrase or expressions that cannot be understood literally

103
Q

Euphenisms vs dysphenism

A

The use of mild language to soften harsh langauge and the use of harsh language instead of mild language

104
Q

Synonyms vs Antonyms

A

Synonyms: words that have the same or similar meanings
Antonyms: words that opposite meanings

105
Q

Homophones vs homonyms

A

Homophones are words that sound the same but have a different meaning or spelling
Homonyms are words that are spelled the same but have a different meaning or pronounciation

106
Q

Types of Antonyms

A

Complementary antonyms: mutually exclusive pairs of words
Gradable antonyms: pairs of adjectives that can be qualified by adverbs such as very for friendly/unfriendly
Relational antonyms: one pair of words that refer to a relationship from different parts such as teacher and student

107
Q

Hypernyms vs hyponyms

A

Hypernyms: the umberella words for smaller terms e.g vehicle
Hyponyms: the smaller terms under the umbrella e.g car, van

108
Q

Lexical cohesion

A

How a text and its idea are held together through different kinds of word association between vocabulary and lexical terms in a text which can be achieved by repetition, antonymy and synonymy

109
Q

Figurative language

A

Used to convey meaning in a way that differs from its literal meaning

110
Q

Amelioration vs pejoration

A

Ameloriation: improved meaning
Pejoration: worsened meaning

111
Q

Narrowing vs broadening

A

Narrowing is when the meaning of a words becomes specialised over time while broadening is when a word becomes less specialised

112
Q

Political correctness

A

When language is changed to minimise offence

113
Q

Discourse

A

The study of the overall structure of written text and spoken text

114
Q

Coherence vs cohesion

A

Coherence refers to how a piece if put together on the whole, i.e if it makes sense by removing irrelevant material.
Cohesion is if the text is grammatically correct using collocation, connectives and references.

115
Q

Types of references

A

Anaphoric: referring to the past e.g using someone’s name then their pronouns
Cataphoric: referring to the present e.g using someone’s pronouns then their name

116
Q

Deixis

A

The contextual information need to fully understand a word or a phrase which can be a person, place, time or discourse

117
Q

Functions of spoken language

A

Referential: to provide information
Expressive: to express a speaker’s feelings
Transactional: main emphasis is getting things done
Interactional: the social relationship BTW ppts
Phatic talk: small talk

118
Q

Turn taking

A

When we take turns while speaking

119
Q

Adjacency pairs

A

A two-part structure which occurs in conversation

120
Q

Field

A

The use of specialist or non-specialist language through jargon or subject-specific lexis (piece of langauge which is unique to group and cannot be understood by others outside the field), lexical or semantic field.

121
Q

Tenor

A

The relationship between ppts in a discourse e.g whether or not there is friendly rapport

122
Q

Mode

A

The channel of communication such as speech, written or multimodal

123
Q

Register

A

The level of formality in a text

124
Q

Taboo vs vulgarism

A

Taboo: swear words or language that is considered to be inappropriate and impolite
Vulgar: falls short of taboo, coarse but still impolite

125
Q

Slang

A

The many different uses of a language which may not be considered standard usually a specific phrase or word that is used by a specific group

126
Q

Colloquial language

A

Informal language which generally is standard

127
Q

Ephemeral speech

A

One that disappears or that is not permanent

128
Q

Synchronous vs Asynchronous

A

Synchronous: scheduled, real-time interactions
Asynchronous: both do not need be present

129
Q

Initialisms vs acronyms

A

Abbreviations which are either said by each letter or referred to as a word

130
Q

Backchannelling

A

Behaviour refers to noise the listener makes to respond to what the speaker is saying such as hmm

131
Q

Fillers

A

Words or phrases used to fill in times to show that the person speaking wants to hold the floor

132
Q

Discourse markers

A

Indicate a change of topic such as well, anyway

133
Q

Elision vs elipsis

A

Elision: the omission of a sounds in speech or writing
Elipsis: the Omission of words in speech or writing

134
Q

Self-corrections

A

The speaker attempts to repair an utterance

135
Q

Overlapping speech

A

Talking over one another

136
Q

Interruptions

A

Speaking over another person to gain the floor

137
Q

Paralinguistic features

A

Use of gestures and facial expressions

138
Q

Hedging

A

Use of tentative or vague language to soften speech by making claims sound less absolute

139
Q

Types of textspeak

A

Phonetic spelling (luv)
Shortening (dropping vowels)
Letter homophones (using letters for words)
Blending (kinda)
Clipping (net for Internet )

140
Q

Skip connector

A

Used to refer back to a former topic

141
Q

False start

A

An attempt to start a sentence

142
Q

Mean Length Utterance

A

How much a person talks compared to someone else, number of words minus fillers divided by utterances

A-Level English Language (4 decks)

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